Novi i značajni podaci o biljkama, algama i gljivama iz JI Evrope i susednih regiona, 16

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: diatoms Discostella asterocostata and Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis, red alga Bangia atropurpúrea, green alga Ulvapilifera, saprotro-phic fungi Didymella vitalbina and Phragmotrichum rivoclarinum, mosses Buxbau-mia aphylla, Sphagnum divinum, and Tortella fasciculata, monocots Anacamptis x nicodemi, Epipactis palustris, Epipogium aphyllum, and Gymnadenia frivaldii and dicots Androsace lactea, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla montenegrina, and Tozzia alpina subsp. carpathica are given within SE Europe and adjacent regions.U radu su prikazani novi i značajni podaci sa područja JI Evrope i susednih regiona o sledećim taksonima: dijatomejskim algama Discostella asterocostata i Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis, crvenoj algi Bangia atropurpurea, zelenoj algi Ulva pilifera, saprofitskim gljivama Didymella vitalbina i Phragmotrichum rivoclarinum, mahovinama Buxbaumia aphylla, Sphagnum divinum i Tortella fascicu- lata, monokotilama Anacamptis × nicodemi, Epipactis palustris, Epipogium aphyllum i Gymnadenia frivaldii i dikotilama Androsace lactea, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla montenegrina i Tozzia alpina subsp. carpathica

Relation between boundaries of protected areas and the distribution of vulnerable natural habitats – a case study from Sharri National Park, SE Europe

A growing threat to areas designed to protect habitats with high biodiversity has been noticed. In order to assess the present level of threat, the correlation between the factual situation of natural habitats and the boundary of protected area was studied in the massif of Luboten, Sharri NP. 45 phytosociological relevès were made in the studied site, all habitat types were recorded and notes on presence of rare and endemic plant taxa were taken. It was noticed that within the massif of Luboten, Sharri NP, an endangered natural habitat of subalpine moist tall herbs is not covered within the strictly protected area. The Moesian hogweed tall herb communities with Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb., as the most distinctive plant species, are known to harbor several endemic and rare plant species. To further add conservation importance, in these habitats with narrow distribution and fragile environment, there is one South-European Orophilous plant species (Willemetia stipitata), as well as 12 Balkan endemic plant taxa. The corresponding recorded plant association is Doronico gigantei-Cirsietum appendiculati Horv. ex Quez. Based on the obtained data on the situation of this habitat, we highly suggest extending the strictly protected area for 0.56 km2 into the NW direction of the western slope

New records and noteworthy data of plants, algae and fungi in SE Europe and adjacent regions, 14

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: diatom algae Cyclostephanos invisitatus, Cyclotella meduanae, and Stephanodiscus lacustris, mycorrhizal fungi Alessioporus ichnusanus and Amanita mairei, saprotrophic fungi Diaporthe oncostoma, Stropharia albonitens and Pseudomassaria chondrospora, lichenised fungus Acrocordia subglobosa, stonewort Chara connivens, mosses Buxbaumia viridis, Tortella fasciculata and Tortula protobryoides, monocots Epipactis pontica Gymnadenia frivaldii, and Orchis italica and dicots Callitriche brutia, Callitriche platycarpa and Epilobium nutans are given within SE Europe and adjacent regions

Spatial distribution and ecology of orchids (Orchidaceae) of western Serbia

Orhideje su poznate po bogatstvu taksona, kompleksnoj ekologiji i velikom broju ugroženih vrsta. Osnovni ciljevi ove disertacije su utvrđivanje prostorne distribucije i diverziteta orhideja zapadne Srbije, kao i utvrđivanje ekoloških preferencija i konzervacionog statusa orhideja. Za svaki takson izrađene su karte rasprostranjenja u zapadnoj Srbiji. Za ispitivanje uticaja nadmorske visine, 19 bioklimatskih faktora i heterogenosti staništa na bogatstvo taksona u pojedinim UTM kvadratima 10 × 10 km, kao i analizu bogatstva taksona orhideja duž gradijenta nadmorske visine korišćena je regresiona analiza. OMI (eng. outlying mean index) analiza je korišćena za analizu ekoloških niša i faktora koji utiču na brojnost i distribuciju orhideja. Utvrđeno je prisustvo 57 vrsta i podvrsta orhideja, među kojima je 7 novih taksona za floru Srbije. Utvrđeno je da planina Tara predstavlja najvažniji centar diverziteta orhideja u zapadnoj Srbiji, sa 34 registrovana taksona u UTM kvadratu CP76. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su pokazali da nadmorska visina i heterogenost staništa značajno utiču na bogatstvo taksona u UTM kvadratima 10 × 10 km, dok maksimalne vrednosti nadmorskih visina i minimalne vrednosti temperaturnih varijabli najsnažnije utiču na bogatstvo prstastotuberoidnih orhideja. Utvrđeno je da se najviše taksona orhideja javlja u područjima srednjih nadmorskih visina (1000-1100 m). Najveći broj taksona orhideja je registrovan na krečnjacima, u zajednicama klasa Festuco-Brometea, Quercetea pubescentis i Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Definisano je 6 ekoloških grupa šumskih i 8 ekoloških grupa orhideja zeljastih tipova vegetacije. Određeni su IUCN statusi ugroženosti, kao i faktori ugrožavanja orhideja zapadne Srbije, sa predlogom mera zaštite i konzervacionim prioritetima.Orchids are known for their taxa richness, complex ecology and a large number of endangered species. The main objectives of this dissertation are the determination of spatial distribution and diversity of orchids in western Serbia, and the determination of ecological preferences and conservation status of orchids. Distribution maps were made for each taxon in western Serbia. Regression analysis was used to explore the influence of elevation, 19 bioclimatic factors and the habitat heterogeneity on the taxa richness within individual UTM 10 × 10 km grid cells, as well as to analyse the taxa richness along the elevational gradient. The OMI (outlying mean index) analysis was used to analyse ecological niches and factors affecting the abundance and distribution of orchids. The presence of 57 orchid species and subspecies was recorded, among which 7 new taxa to the flora of Serbia. Mt. Tara represents the most important center of diversity of orchids in western Serbia, with 34 taxa recorded in CP76 UTM grid cell. Results of this study showed that elevation and habitat heterogeneity significantly affect the taxa richness in UTM 10 × 10 km grid cells, whereas the maximum values of elevations and minimum values of temperature variables most significantly affect the richness of orchids with palmate and fusiform tubers. It has been found that most of orchid taxa occur in the middle elevations (1000-1100 m). The largest number of orchid taxa was recorded on limestone, in the communities of the classes Festuco-Brometea, Quercetea pubescentis and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Six ecological groups of forest orchids and eight ecological groups of orchids of herbaceous vegetation types were defined. IUCN threatened status, as well as the threats to orchids of western Serbia were determined, with a proposal for protection measures and conservation priorities

Eleocharis carniolica W. D. J. Koch, new species in flora of Montenegro

During floristic research of acidic bogs, calcareous fens and seasonally flooded (periodically inundated) grassy places in beech forests in Semolj region, Eleocharis carniolica W. D. J. Koch was found, which was the first record of that species in vascular plant flora of Montenegro. In surrounding countries, this species was recorded in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Albania. This paper provides description of sites, habitat and ecology of Eleocharis carniolica W. D. J. Koch in Montenegro

Fens of the class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae (Nordh. 1936) R. Tx. 1937. in Serbia - floristic and vegetation characteristics, threats and protection

Tresave Srbije i Balkanskog poluostrva predstavljaju južne granice distribucije tresava u Evropi. Tresavska vegetacija, odnosno vegetacija u sintaksonomskom smislu obuhvaćena je klasama Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tüxen ex Westhoff et al. 1946 i Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae (Nordh. 1936) R. Tx. 1937., od kojih je na teritoriji Republike Srbije zabeležena samo vegetacija klase Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae. Ova vegetacija je prestavljena većim brojem malih i veoma malih tresava brdsko planinskih predela i osnovni je predmet ove doktorske disertacije. Ciljevi ove disertacije su višestruki: uobličavanje opših teorijskih postavki i definicija tresava i treseta, njihova geneza, ekologija, distribucija i značaj; sistematizacija svih relevantnih publikovanih i nepublikovanih podataka; analiza postojećih klasifikacionih sistema; sintaksonomske i florističke analize prikupljenih podataka o tresavama Srbije; utvrđivanje aktuelnog stanja i faktora ugrožavanja tresavske flore i vegetacije; analiza nacionalne i međunarodne legislative iz oblasti zaštite prirode; analiza do sada zaštićenih tresavskih područja u Srbiji sa uočenim prednostima i slabostima zaštite. Na bazi komparativnih analiza svih dostupnih vegetacijskih snimaka klase Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae na nivou Evrope, uključujući Srbiju (Peterka et al. 2016 submitted), urađen je predlog revizije nacionalne sintaksonomije tresavske vegetacije pri čemu su sve biljne asocijacije svrstane u dva reda: Caricetalia fuscae W. Koch 1926 emend. Nordhagen 1937 i Caricetalia davallianae Br.-Bl. 1950, i 4 sveze: Caricion fuscae Koch 1926, Sphagno-Caricion canescentis Passarge (1964) 1978, 3arthecion scardici Horvat ex Lakušić 1968 i Caricion davallianae Klika 1934. Sveza Sphagno (recurvi)- Caricion canescentis po prvi put je konstatovana za Srbiju dok je sveza Caricion davallianae prethodno samo literaturno navođena, bez konkretnih publikovanih fitocenoloških snimaka. Novoopisane biljne asocijacije imenovane su radno, i tek predstoji njihova definitivna obrada radi publikovanja...Serbia and Balkan Peninsula represents the southern limits of mires distribution in Europe. Mire vegetation, or vegetation syntaxonomically included in classes Oxycocco- Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tüxen ex Westhoff et al. 1946 and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae (Nordh. 1936) R. Tx. 1937. on the territory of Republic of Serbia is presented only by vegetation class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae. This vegetation is represented by a number of small and very small mountainous mires (fens) and is the main subject of this doctoral thesis. There are several aims of this thesis: shaping the general theoretical assumptions and definitions of mires and peats, their genesis, ecology, distribution and importance; systematization of all relevant published and unpublished data; analysis of existing classification systems; syntaxonomical and floristic analysis of data collected on fens in Serbia; determining the current situation and the factors threathening mires flora and vegetation; analysis of national and international legislation in the field of nature protection; analysis of protected mire areas in Serbia with perceived strengths and weaknesses of protection. Proposed revision of national syntaxonomy of fen vegetation is based on the comparative analysis of all the available vegetation plots of the class Scheuchzerio- Caricetea fuscae in Europe, including Serbia (Peterka et al. 2016 submitted). Thus, all plant associations are grouped in two orders: Caricetalia fuscae W. Koch 1926 emend. Nordhagen 1937 and Caricetalia davallianae Br.-Bl. 1950, and four alliances: Caricion fuscae Koch 1926, Sphagno-Caricion canescentis Passarge (1964) 1978, 3arthecion scardici Horvat ex Lakušić 1968 and Caricion davallianae Klika 1934. Alliance Sphagno (recurvi)-Caricion canescentis is recorded for the first time in Serbia and Caricion davallianae was previously only cited in the literature but without specific published phytocoenological plots..

Blysmo compressi-Eriophoretum latifoliae ass. nova, a new association of the Caricion fuscae alliance from the Sharri Mountains

The sedge-moss vegetation of the moderately to low calcium-rich slightly acidic fens of the Caricion fuscae alliance depends on a very specific combination of ecological and climatic conditions to thrive. Until recently, the classification of this vegetation group was complicated by its rarity on the southern edges of its range in Europe. As part of a larger database of phytocenological relevés carried out in Mt. Luboten, we came across an interesting group of 15 relevés on fen vegetation sites. We were curious to know if this plant community was a previously known association or if it might represent something new within this alliance. We compiled a separate dataset at JUICE that includes four plant communities from this alliance, along with our 15 original releves. The classification was based on modified TWINSPAN and beta-flexible clustering as a numerical classification method, with OPTIMCLASS determining the appropriate number of clusters. Five associations were clearly delineated, with the four associations taken from the literature sources clearly grouped individually and a new, fifth association appearing as separate, with completely unique characteristics. This new association: Blysmo compressi-Eriophoretum latifoliae occurs at elevations of ~ 1650 m a.s.l. on NE and NW slopes of the mountain. With this work we offer the description of a new high-mountain fen association. These associations may play an important syntaxonomic role as more Balkan data become available on this alliance. The sedge-moss and fen vegetation in the Balkans is particularly rare and characterised by a very diverse and specific vegetation, so it rightly deserves more attention from vegetation scientists and conservation authorities

The Good, The Bad, The Ugly: Using Naturally Occurring Terata to Distinguish the Possible from the Impossible in Orchid Floral Evolution

We interpret extensive field observations of terata in the context of recent insights into monocot phylogeny and evolutionary-developmental genetics to explore the evolution of the orchid flower. Our arguably typological classification of floral terata focuses on natural occurrences of three contrasting modes of peloria (restoration of actinomorphy in a formerly zygomorphic perianth) and three contrasting modes of pseudopeloria (lessening of the degree of zygomorphy shown by the evolutionarily preceding perianth). Dynamic evolutionary transitions in floral morphology are assigned to recently revised concepts of heterotopy (including homeosis: evolutionary transitions in position of expression) and heterochrony (evolutionary transitions in timing of expression), seeking patterns that delimit developmental constraints and allow inferences regarding underlying genetic controls. Lateral heterotopy, occurring within the whorl of three petals (including the labellum) or within the adjacent whorl of three sepals, is more frequent than acropetal heterotopy, and full basipetal heterotopy does not occur. Pseudopeloria is more likely than peloria to generate a radically altered yet functional perianth but is also more likely to cause acropetal modification of the fused filaments and style that constitute the characteristic gynostemium of orchids. We infer that at least one gene or gene complex controls stylestamen fusion, which requires the preadaptation of strongly developed epigyny, and another determines both stamen suppression and labellum formation adaxially. Our earlier hypothesis implicating genes of the TCP family has recently been challenged by empirical evidence of complex interactions between several MADS-box genes. Many transitions are highly iterative, and some are reversible (atavistic). Once heritability has been demonstrated, the most effective criteria for determining the most appropriate taxonomic status of a novel morph are the profundity of the phenotypic shift that it represents, the number and uniformity of the resulting populations, and whether the novel morph subsequently diversified to generate further morphs that retain the innovative features. Although morphological transitions attributable to heterochrony may be a more common driver of speciation than those attributable to heterotopy, we demonstrate that arguably all of the modes of instantaneous floral transition described in this paper have the ability to generate prospecies

Evolutionary forces of Central European taxa of the genus Dactylorhiza

Genus Dactylorhiza, comprising green terrestrial orchids, belongs to of the most taxonomically complex groups of Europeran flora. Basic species often hybridise between each other and there is a lot of taxonomically challenging hybrids and hybridogenous lineages. Essential parental species of majority of hybrids and hybridogenous lineages are D. incarnata, D. maculata and D. fuchsii. Sister genus of Dactylorhiza is Gymnadenia which shares some similar features with Dactylorhiza species. Dactylorhiza viridis, formerly classified into the genus Coeloglossum, is the earliest diverged species. Diversity centre probably takes place in the Mediterranean Basin from where Dactylorhiza species migrated back to the Central Europe in postglacial. Major force of the genus evolution is polyploidisation which together with hybridisation leads to establishment of allopolyploid lineages. Unique feature of many orchids (including genus Dactylorhiza) is partial endoreduplication, which somatic endopolyploidisation of certain part of genome takes place. Pollination type is also important for Dactylorhiza microevolution. Deceptive flowers of Dactylorhiza genus are mainly pollinated by naive bumlebees but even beetles or ants can be pollinators. Majority of Dactylorhiza species are threatened by habitat loss during last decades....Rod Dactylorhiza (prstnatec), který zahrnuje zelené terestrické orchideje, patří mezi taxonomicky nejkomplikovanější skupiny evropské flóry. Základní druhy mezi sebou často hybridizují a existuje celá řada obtížně identifikovatelných kříženců a hybridogenních linií. Zásadními rodičovskými druhy většiny hybridů a hybridogenních taxonů jsou D. incarnata, D. maculata a D. fuchsii, které současně reprezentují odvozenější linie rodu. Sesterským rodem prstnatců je rod Gymnadenia, který sdílí s prstnatci některé společné znaky. Dactylorhiza viridis, dříve řazená do rodu Coeloglossum, představuje první oddělující se druh. Centrum diverzity se pravděpodobně nachází ve Středomoří, odkud se prstnatce po skončení doby ledové rozšířily zpět do střední Evropy. Hlavním evolučním mechanismem je polyploidizace, která spolu s hybridizací vede ke vzniku alopolyploidních linií. Unikátní znak orchidejí (včetně rodu Dactylorhiza) představuje částečná endoreduplikace, při níž dochází k somatické endopolyploidizaci pouze určité části genomu. Pro mikroevoluci prstnatců má také značný význam způsob opylování. Šálivé květy rodu Dactylorhiza opylují hlavně nezkušení čmeláci, ale lze se u nich setkat také s opylováním brouky nebo mravenci. V posledních dekádách jsou zástupci tohoto rodu ohroženi zejména úbytkem lokalit. Avšak dosud...Katedra botanikyDepartment of BotanyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult