Observation of Fine Time Structures in the Cosmic Proton and Helium Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

International audienceWe present the precision measurement from May 2011 to May 2017 (79 Bartels rotations) of the proton fluxes at rigidities from 1 to 60 GV and the helium fluxes from 1.9 to 60 GV based on a total of $1 \times 10^9$ events collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer aboard the International Space Station. This measurement is in solar cycle 24, which has the solar maximum in April 2014. We observed that, below 40 GV, the proton flux and the helium flux show nearly identical fine structures in both time and relative amplitude. The amplitudes of the flux structures decrease with increasing rigidity and vanish above 40 GV. The amplitudes of the structures are reduced during the time period, which started one year after solar maximum, when the proton and helium fluxes steadily increase. Above $\sim 3$  GV the p/He flux ratio is time independent. We observed that below $\sim 3$  GV the ratio has a long-term decrease coinciding with the period during which the fluxes start to rise

Multiple Scenario Generation of Subsurface Models:Consistent Integration of Information from Geophysical and Geological Data throuh Combination of Probabilistic Inverse Problem Theory and Geostatistics

Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming \u3c4 neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in 3c 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an E\u3bd-2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 7 1017 eV -2.5 7 1019 eV is E2 dN\u3bd/dE\u3bd < 4.4 7 10-9 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1, placing strong constraints on several models of neutrino production at EeV energies and on the properties of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays

Dark Matter signal from e+/e−/pˉ\mathrm{e^{+}/e^{-}/\bar{p}} with the AMS-02 Detector on the International Space Station

The excess of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio beyond the prediction of the collision of ordinary cosmic rays is a unique signal from dark matter models of neutralino annihilation. This excess cannot come from pulsars. We present precision measurements by AMS-02 of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio in the absolute rigidity range from 1 to 450 GV based on 3.49 × 10 5 antiproton events and 2.42 × 10 9 proton events. Comparison of our results with neutralino annihilation model shows good agreement. We also present the latest results on 16.5 × 10 6 electron and 1.08 × 10 6 positron events measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The measurement covers the energy range up to 1000 GeV. The measured positron flux and the positron fraction are in agreement with a specific dark matter model with a neutralino mass of 1 TeVThe excess of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio beyond the prediction of the collision of ordinary cosmic rays is a unique signal from dark matter models of neutralino annihilation. This excess cannot come from pulsars. We present precision measurements by AMS-02 of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio in the absolute rigidity range from 1 to 450 GV based on $3.49 \times 10^5$ antiproton events and $2.42 \times 10^9$ proton events. Comparison of our results with neutralino annihilation model shows good agreement.We also present the latest results on $16.5 \times 10^6$ electron and $1.08 \times 10^6$ positron events measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The measurement covers the energy range up to 1000 GeV. The measured positron flux and the positron fraction are in agreement with a specific dark matter model with a neutralino mass of 1 TeV

Precision measurement of the cosmic-ray electron and positron fluxes as a function of time and energy with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

This thesis presents an analysis of the cosmic-ray electron and positron flux using the AMS-02 detector on the International Space Station as a function of time and energy. The time-averaged flux is integrated over 6.5 years of AMS-02 science data and provides the electron and positron flux with unprecedented accuracy, covering the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV. In total 28.39 million events were identified as electrons and 1.95 million as positrons. For each of the 88 Bartels rotation periods (27 days), within the 6.5 years, an individual electron and positron flux is derived spanning the energy range from 1 - 50 GeV. The challenge of the analysis is to extract the small electron and positron signal in the overwhelming proton background present in cosmic rays. A detailed description of the analysis techniques is presented, including a thorough derivation of the systematic uncertainties. The main motivation for measuring the cosmic-ray electron and positron flux in a time-averaged way is to explore the energy dependence up to high energies in detail and search for structures in the spectrum. The traditional understanding is that electrons are primary cosmic rays, whereas positrons are believed to be secondaries, produced by collisions of primary protons with the interstellar medium. A clear deviation from the traditional understanding was discovered: the positron flux cannot be described by a single power law, nor by the sum of two power laws. The secondary production term plus an additional source term, with a finite cut-off energy, is necessary to describe the positron data. Above the cut-off energy, the positron flux is rapidly decreasing. The cut-off is established with a significance of $4\sigma$, providing strong evidence that a new source of cosmic-ray positrons was discovered, which is responsible for the rise of the positron flux, and its decrease at high energies when the source term contribution is vanishing. The origin of the source term remains unclear: both astrophysical sources, such as pulsars, and dark-matter annihilation are candidates to describe the positron flux data. The majority of the electrons is believed to come from one of the several astrophysical sources, each making a power law contribution to the electron flux. The electron flux was found to be well described by the sum of two power laws over the whole energy range, supporting the observation that more than one astrophysical source is responsible for the measured electron flux. For the first time, the charge-sign dependent modulation during solar maximum has been investigated by electrons and positrons alone, using the time-dependent fluxes derived in this thesis. Short-term effects such as Forbush decreases and solar flares were identified simultaneously in the electron and positron flux that cancel in the positron/electron ratio. Long-term effects are revealed in the positron/electron ratio: A smooth transition from one value to another, after the polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field in July 2013. The transition magnitude is decreasing as a function of energy, which was predicated by solar modulation models that incorporate drift effects. This novel dataset allows one to build sophisticated models of solar modulation that can predict the time-dependence of both the electron and positron flux in future. This knowledge will allow a precise modelling of the interstellar electron flux and positron flux from low energies in the GeV regime up to the TeV regime

Precision measurement of the cosmic-ray electron and positron fluxes as a function of time and energy with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

This thesis presents an analysis of the cosmic-ray electron and positron flux using the AMS-02 detector on the International Space Station as a function of time and energy. The time-averaged flux is integrated over 6.5 years of AMS-02 science data and provides the electron and positron flux with unprecedented accuracy, covering the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV. In total 28.39 million events were identified as electrons and 1.95 million as positrons. For each of the 88 Bartels rotation periods (27 days), within the 6.5 years, an individual electron and positron flux is derived spanning the energy range from 1 - 50 GeV. The challenge of the analysis is to extract the small electron and positron signal in the overwhelming proton background present in cosmic rays. A detailed description of the analysis techniques is presented, including a thorough derivation of the systematic uncertainties. The main motivation for measuring the cosmic-ray electron and positron flux in a time-averaged way is to explore the energy dependence up to high energies in detail and search for structures in the spectrum. The traditional understanding is that electrons are primary cosmic rays, whereas positrons are believed to be secondaries, produced by collisions of primary protons with the interstellar medium. A clear deviation from the traditional understanding was discovered: the positron flux cannot be described by a single power law, nor by the sum of two power laws. The secondary production term plus an additional source term, with a finite cut-off energy, is necessary to describe the positron data. Above the cut-off energy, the positron flux is rapidly decreasing. The cut-off is established with a significance of 4σ, providing strong evidence that a new source of cosmic-ray positrons was discovered, which is responsible for the rise of the positron flux, and its decrease at high energies when the source term contribution is vanishing. The origin of the source term remains unclear: both astrophysical sources, such as pulsars, and dark-matter annihilation are candidates to describe the positron flux data. The majority of the electrons is believed to come from one of the several astrophysical sources, each making a power law contribution to the electron flux. The electron flux was found to be well described by the sum of two power laws over the whole energy range, supporting the observation that more than one astrophysical source is responsible for the measured electron flux. For the first time, the charge-sign dependent modulation during solar maximum has been investigated by electrons and positrons alone, using the time-dependent fluxes derived in this thesis. Short-term effects such as Forbush decreases and solar flares were identified simultaneously in the electron and positron flux that cancel in the positron/electron ratio. Long-term effects are revealed in the positron/electron ratio: A smooth transition from one value to another, after the polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field in July 2013. The transition magnitude is decreasing as a function of energy, which was predicated by solar modulation models that incorporate drift effects. This novel dataset allows one to build sophisticated models of solar modulation that can predict the time-dependence of both the electron and positron flux in future. This knowledge will allow a precise modelling of the interstellar electron flux and positron flux from low energies in the GeV regime up to the TeV regime

Analysis of Requirements, Potentials and Risks Caused by Using Additive Manufacturing

Nowadays many companies are thinking about using additive manufacturing in their production processes. Mostly a substitution of an existing subtractive production process is what comes to their mind at first. To give companies a clearer idea of the benefits by using additive manufacturing the presented approach results in portfolios, visualizing the impacts and therefore help companies in the orientation phase. On top of that, correlations between corresponding requirements, potentials and risks are shown, by means of dependencies. To structure requirements, potentials and risks the MITO model is adopted and presented. This approach to holistic process-oriented organizational development and output-oriented corporate management divides processes into the four sub-segments "Management, Input, Transformation and Output". Lastly an overview of currently available standards and guidelines is given, because the absence of appropriate documents is often an obstacle to use additive manufacturing. The availability of standards and guidelines differs strikingly from one industry sector to another. Therefore, the overview is structured in general valid documents and only specifically applicable documents

Holistic consideration of impacts through additive manufacturing on the product lifecycle

In theory, additive production processes enable companies to flexibly react on volatile markets, produce spare parts on demand and realize individual customer requests directly. For the future, a vast growth of the application of additive manufacturing (AM) is predicted. The technology is perceived to have the potential to reform current manufacturing fundamentally. The technological aspects of additive manufacturing are mostly explained in today’s literature, whereas impacts on the product lifecycle and different approaches in implementing AM are only covered superficially. Consequently, this paper shows the impact on essential divisions of an industrial company by implementing additive production technology. Therefore, a generalized product life cycle is evaluated under consideration of AM. This shows the complexity of the implementation progress of AM in companies and the related emerging requirements, reaching from changing infrastructural demands up to necessary changes in organizational issues

Method for development of sustainable relations of manufacturing companies in industrial estates

Production companies are mainly optimizing sustainability of their processes based on requirements in resource efficiency and energy consumption. During the project "HoliPOrt" it was analysed how a network for long-term collaboration of enterprises can be implemented. The hypothesis is that an optimized sustainable network of manufacturing companies can only last, if interrelations of partners create benefit for all. Therefore, companies and their properties need to match to support working dependencies. The utilization of system dynamics in the HoliPOrt approach supports a detailed evaluation of companies and current industrial estates. The concept approach is adaptable to existing locations and its situation. By analyzing the existing interdependencies, it is possible to integrate further levers for long-term sustainability of local collaboration of manufacturing companies

Industrie 4.0-Scouts Programme

For companies to stay competitive it is crucial to leverage potentials based on digitization, i.e. Industry 4.0. The respective transformation results not only in the need to apply information and communication technologies, but to question and rethink the ways of developing and producing products, of operating processes from the idea for a product to its market entry and for order fulfilment, but also concerning the business model of the company itself. Especially Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises SME need specific support for this transition as they typically do not have the needed resources with the required diverse expertise and their managers hardly have the time for activities besides running the day-to-day business. To better this situation, the Allianz Industrie 4.0 Baden-Wuerttemberg established the initiative Industrie 4.0-Scouts. These scouts are specifically trained, already experienced consultants that support SMEs in the transition to leverage digitization. In this contribution, the initiative Industrie 4.0-Scouts is introduced and first experiences of the respective scoutings are described

Efficient management of product lifecycle information through a semantic platform

Products generate a large amount of information during their lifecycle. Small and medium enterprises often lack an efficient management of such an amount of information. Several tools of product lifecycle management have been developed in the last years to address this issue, but they are rarely exploited by companies, especially SMEs. The aim of our work is to present a semantic platform to integrate data along the whole product lifecycle to allow semantic search and knowledge reuse. The integration of data is realized with a reference PLM ontology, containing the main concepts and relations to describe a PLM. This ontology has a modular structure, so that it can be easily extended to describe concrete product lifecycles. An example of a real application of the semantic platform in an industrial case is reporte