R&D investments and credit lines

Using data for 939 publicly listed firms from 17 European countries over the period from 2004 to 2013, we investigate the effect of used credit lines on R&D investments, controlling for other determinants of R&D investments, i.e., cash flows, cash holdings, sales growth, equity financing, and Tobin’s Q. Our estimation results, based on the system-GMM method, show that used credit lines have a positive and significant impact on R&D investments. In addition, we find that this impact is more pronounced for small and young firms than for large and mature firms. These results show that firms use credit lines as part of their liquidity management tools for supporting their R&D investments. Finally, we provide evidence that European firms in bank-based countries increased their use of credit lines for financing their R&D investments during the financial crisis of 2007-2009, while the link between R&D investments and used credit lines became weaker during the European sovereign debt crisis of 2010-2013

Antibody response following Hepatitis B vaccination in peritoneal dialysis patients: does normalized urea clearance matter?

OBJECTIVES: Data on the factors that contribute to the antibody response to hepatitis B virus vaccination in peritoneal dialysis patients are scarce. The current study was conducted on a group of peritoneal dialysis patients to learn how the response to hepatitis B virus vaccination varies according to the patient's clearance of urea normalized to total body water (Kt/V). METHODS: A convenience sample of 33 peritoneal dialysis patients (13 women and 20 men, with a mean age of 49¡12 years) was administered double doses (20 &#956;g IM in each deltoid muscle) of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 1, 2, and 6 months. Response to immunization was measured at one to three months after the final dose of vaccine. The subjects were divided into groups according to the level of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), including non-responders ( < 10 IU/L), weak responders (10-100 IU/L), and good responders ( > 100 IU/L). RESULTS: Among non-responders, weak responders, and good responders, significant differences were found in age (54 ± 12 vs. 56 ± 9 vs. 45¡12 years, respectively; p = 0.049) and recombinant human erythropoietin use (20 vs. 29 vs. 76%, respectively; p = 0.016). No significant differences in weekly total Kt/V (p = 0.704), weekly peritoneal Kt/V (p = 0.064) and residual glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.355) were found across the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Delivered clearance measured by weekly peritoneal Kt/V and total clearance measured by weekly total Kt/V did not predict the response to hepatitis B virus vaccination in patients on peritoneal dialysis

DISCOURSES INTENDED FOR WOMAN IN THE PUBLIC OPINION IN THE PROCESS OF 1930 MUNICIPALITY ELECTIONS

Kadın ve kadın hakları, Türk Devrimi'nin en önemli konularından biri olmuştur. Türk kadını, ilk olarak Medeni Kanun ile toplumda erkekle hukuki olarak eşit konuma gelmiştir. Belediye seçimlerine katılma haklarının tanınması ile de bu konu kamuoyunda değişik açılardan tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Özellikle kadınların fiziksel ve duygusal özelliklerine vurgu yaparak onların bu türlü siyasal-toplumsal etkinliklere katılıp katılamayacakları söz konusu edilmiştir. Bu makale, 1930 yılında kadınların belediye seçimlerine katılma haklarının tanınması üzerine kamuoyunda yer alan tartışmaları konu edinmektedir. Woman and Woman rights are one of the most important issues of Turkish Revolution. Turkish woman at first with Civil Code, has legally come to equal position with man. This theme, by the recognition of the rights to participate in municipal elections has been discussed various aspects in public opinion. In particular, by emphasizing on women's physical and emotional characteristics, whether they contribute that kind of political- social activities has been discussed. This article raises discourses in the public opinion about the recognition of participation of women to the municipality election

FROM THE OTTOMAN TO REPUBLİC: FORMATİON OF WOMAN İDENTİTY

Türk Devrimi süreci, öncelikle Osmanlı Devleti'nden kalan kurumları ve o yapı ileözdeşleşen algıları ulusallık bağlamında "yeniden biçimlendirmeye" çalışıyordu. Diğer taraftanda kendisi, bu geleneksel algılayışlara göre biçimlenmek durumunda kalıyordu. Bununyanında doğal olarak bir iktidar ve egemenlik anlayışına sahip olması dolayısıyla; "Vatandaş/ Ulusun Bireyi" olarak tanımladığı toplumu, bu yeni "Egemenlik" anlayış çerçevesindebiçimlendirmeye çalışmıştır. Böylece daha öncesinde Osmanlı Devleti'nin "Müslüman-AileKadını" algısının yerine "Cumhuriyetçi Asri Kadın" algısının yerleştirilmesine çabalanmıştır.Bu makale de, kadınlığın Türkiye'de Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e giden süreçte, mevcut"Egemenlik" anlayışı tarafından nasıl bir biçimlendirilme yaşadığını ortaya koymayıamaçlamaktadır.Turkish revolution process primarily tried to reform institutions and perceptionsthat perpatuated with the structure which vestigial from the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, therevolution was formed itself according to the traditional perception. In addition,the possessionof a natural sense of power and sovereignty, it tried to form people in the framework of thisnew sovereignty understanding which had been described as a Citizen/ Individual of Nation.Thus, it was endeavored to establish Republican Modern Woman instead of Muslim-FamilyWoman perception. This article aims to introduce how womanhood is formed by sovereigntymentality in the process from Ottoman Empire to Republic in Turkey

Mechanical properties of Yb2Si2O7 coatings prepared using electrophoretic deposition

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Bilateral bifid mandibular canal: a case report

The objective of this case report is to help clinicians identify bifid mandibular canals on panoramic radiographs and subsequently use the information in the modification of dental treatment planning. A 45-year old man was referred to the service of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology. Routine panoramic radiography, suggested the presence of bilateral bifid mandibular canals (BMC). Mandibular computed tomography revealed a clear view of bilateral mandibular canals. BMC can be detected on a panoramic radiograph

THE EXCHANGE RATE RISK OF TURKISH TOURISM FIRMS

In this study, exchange rate exposures of tourism firms, whose shares are traded in Borsa I˙stanbul (BIST), were investigated. In this manner, the data pertaining to eight tourism firms, whose shares are traded in BIST, were included in analyses for July 2002–June 2010. A regression model, which was developed by adding the exchange rate factor to the Fama- French three-factor model, was used in the study. Analysis results revealed that exchange rate risk is a crucial risk factor for three tourism firms. However, it was determined that the three tourism firms that are negatively affected by exchange rate risk have considerably larger open foreign currency positions than other tourism firms

Mechanical properties of Yb2Si2O7 coatings prepared using electrophoretic deposition

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Investigation of anxiety levels of patients with chest pain admitted to emergency department

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to investigate the demographical features, anxiety levels and clinical findings of the patients admitted to our Emergency department (ED) due to chest pain.MethodsPatients with chest pain older than 18 years were included into the study. Demographical features such as age, sex and education level, initial diagnosis in the ED, whether they were hospitalized or coronary intervention performed, were recorded. To determine the anxiety levels of the patients, State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was performed.ResultsTwo-hundred and eight adult patients with chest pain were included into the study. We could not determine a relationship between STAI levels of patients according to demographical findings, however, STAI scores tended to decrease by age. Considering the education levels of the patients, it was determined that STAI scores of university graduates were higher than others. The STAI scores of patients discharged from the ED were higher than those hospitalized. When patients were compared according to whether coronary intervention (CI) was performed or not, it was determined that patients who did not require CI had higher STAI scores. When coronary lesion localization of the patients hospitalized was investigated, any relationship could not be determined.ConclusionIn this study, we determined that anxiety levels of the patients with chest pain do not correlate with the severity of the disease. Higher anxiety levels of patients discharged from ED when compared to those with ACS is a challenging problem for both ED physicians and cardiologists

The effects of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on serum homocysteine and C-reactive protein levels.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, and the relation among them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carriedout on 52 HD patients, 26 CAPD patients and a control group of 22 healthy persons. Blood samples were taken from the patients for Hcy and CRP measurements. RESULTS: Serum CRP level was found to be high in 48.1% of HD patients, 69.2% of CAPD patients and 4.5% of the healthy control group. Plasma Hcy level was found out to be above the normal limits in 73.1% of HD patients, 65.4% of CAPD patients and 9% of the healthy control group. There was a significant positive relation (r = 0.384, p < 0.001) between the levels of plasma Hcy and serum CRP in HD and CAPD patients. CONCLUSION: The high levels of Hcy and CRP were found out to be higher in HD and CAPD patients than in the control group. In order to determine the risk rate of Hcy and CRP for coronary artery disease, extensive investigations are required in patients with chronic renal failure that also have coronary artery disease