Teaching of process of statistical investigation that emphasizes verification of hypothesis at the secondary school： Lesson study of ‘What shape of rectangle is beautiful?’ in the unit of 'Making Use of Data' for grade 7

　平成29年公示の学習指導要領では，内容ベースから能力ベースに移行するとともに数学科における統計領域の学習内容の拡充がなされる。そこで本稿は，検証を重視した統計的な探究の能力の育成を意図した学習指導を提案する。これを，中学校第1学年を対象とした「どんな長方形が美しいか」の統計的な探究による授業研究によって行う。結論として，生徒は当初のデータによるヒストグラムの分布とデータを加工して度数分布を変えたヒストグラムの分布と比較するという検証につながる活動を行うことができた。これら一連の活動は教師の組織的な発問によって導かれた。しかし，生徒にいかなる能力を育成したかについてはさらに研究が必要である。 / 　The Japanese course of study that published in FY 2017 going to shift from contentbased to competence-based organization. In addition, it is increased contents of statistics in mathematics. Therefore, this paper proposes the lesson plan intended to develop the competence of statistical investigation that emphasizes verification. The method of research is lesson study of statistical investigation in the 7th grade that is ‘What shape of rectangle is beautiful?’ as a statistical problem.As a result, students who were the subject in the lesson were able to perform activity of leading to verification that is to compare the distribution of the histogram according to the original data with distribution of another histogram that changed by processing the data. These series of activities were led by a systematic question of the teacher. However, what competence the students are acquiring should beresearched further

Didactics of statistical inquiry with emphasis of verifying hypotheses in the 8th grade (2) : Lesson study on analyzing with boxplots in the unit of "Making Use of Data"

本研究では， 箱ひげ図を用いた統計的な探究の学習指導の条件と制約を， 数学的活動のレイヤー論により明らかにした。その成果として，（1） 次の単元（全3 時間） を設計した：「何時に， どの回転寿司のお店に行くか？ （手法の必要性）」； 「純利益が多いプロ野球球団はどんな観客動員数か（傾向による比較）」；「ここ数年の8 月の最高気温は異常気象と言えるか（傾向による推測）」。（2） 学習指導の条件は， 1） 複数の集団のデータを扱う文脈であること， 2）必要に応じてデータの箱ひげ図が瞬時に得られること； 制約は， 3） 新学習指導要領下で， 主に分析の相と結論の相の往還に焦点化された授業設計であること， 4） 一授業時間内の探究のサイクルは一巡となること，である。 / In this paper, conditions and constraints of didactics of the statistical inquiry using boxplots were analyzed using the theory for layers of mathematical activities. As result, （1） designing a unit （an organization of three lessons） : “Which conveyor belted sushi restaurant would you like to go to? What time are you going?” [necessity of the method]; “Is there a relationship between the number of spectators and net income of the teams of NPB （Nippon Professional Baseball） ?” [comparison of the trends]; “Can we say that the maximum temperature in August in a recent couple of years is abnormal weather?” [reasoning by trends]. Furthermore, （2） conditions for teaching: 1） it needs a context with multiple data sets; 2） in the Japanese course of study that published in FY 2017, it is able to gain instantly a presentation of the data in the boxplot as necessary, and constraints for teaching: 3） the lesson design should be focused mainly on the dialectics of the phases between the analysis and the conclusion; and 4） the cycle of inquiry in the lesson has to be spiral

Trials in development of a scheme of the educational guidance based on “the Layer model of mathematical activities”

　これまで数多く用いられてきた「数学的活動」について，本校における視点で再考するとともに，新しく改訂される学習指導要領に示される指導内容についても検討する。その具体として教科書の構成を「数学的活動のレイヤー論」の視点で捉え直す。これまで一つの単元で構成されがちであったカリキュラム設計を，単元や領域の枠を超えて組み直すことで，課題に対し様々なアプローチを可能とし，より深化した数学的活動を目指すこととなる。本年度は模索しながらもその実践を繰り返すことで数学的活動をどのように捉え直すことができるかを考え，その成果と課題について考察した。 / 　While reviewing various traditionally used “mathematical activities” from a viewpoint shared in our junior high school, we examined teaching contents exhibited by Education Ministry Guidelines which are supposed to be newly revised. As a result of the review, we propose a revision of composition of math textbooks in terms of the “Layer model of mathematical activities”. We also provide more elaborated mathematical activities that enable various approaches to a problem, by restructuring curriculum designs, that have been often structured by a single course unit, beyond the frames of course units or disciplines. In this paper we also discuss results and problems emerged from our trials and practices of these improved mathematical activities

Intraoperative hand strength as an indicator of consciousness during awake craniotomy: a prospective, observational study

握力が覚醒下開頭手術中の覚醒度の指標となる. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-01-11.Awake craniotomy enables mapping and monitoring of brain functions. For successful procedures, rapid awakening and the precise evaluation of consciousness are required. A prospective, observational study conducted to test whether intraoperative hand strength could be a sensitive indicator of consciousness during the awake phase of awake craniotomy. Twenty-three patients who underwent awake craniotomy were included. Subtle changes of the level of consciousness were assessed by the Japan Coma Scale (JCS). The associations of hand strength on the unaffected side with the predicted plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol, the bispectral index (BIS), and the JCS were analyzed. Hand strength relative to the preoperative maximum hand strength on the unaffected side showed significant correlations with the Cp of propofol (ρ =  − 0.219, p = 0.007), the BIS (ρ = 0.259, p = 0.002), and the JCS (τ =  − 0.508, p = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for discriminating JCS 0–1 and JCS ≥ 2 demonstrated that the area under the curve was 0.76 for hand strength, 0.78 for Cp of propofol, and 0.66 for BIS. With a cutoff value of 75% for hand strength, the sensitivity was 0.76, and the specificity was 0.67. These data demonstrated that hand strength is a useful indicator for assessing the intraoperative level of consciousness during awake craniotomy