Variables efectivas; configuración comprensiva y valo-ración de su influencia en la praxis de profesores de excelencia en escuelas públicas de la provincia de Concepción, Chile

There are effective variables that positively influence teacher practice and learning outcomes (Bruns & Luque, 2014). This study sought to explore the comprehensive configuration and the assessment of the level of influence of these variables in the practice of excellent teachers. Their principals recognize these teachers for their practices in the classroom and with the edu-cational community. In addition, the “capacity of teachers to ensure that their students learn” stands out (Bruns and Luque, 2014, p.6), getting top results in standardized tests in public schools that house economically vulnerable students.Fifteen teachers of excellence were selected, working in public schools in the province of Con-cepción, Chile. To create a connection between the comprehensive configuration of the effec-tive variables and the assessment of the level of influence of each one of them by the teachers. A qualitative, mixed method of exploratory sequential design with four phases was used. Qua-litative instruments (semi-structure interview, open questions and analytical memos) and quantitative (Lickert Scale) were used. The results showed that for excellent teachers, all the effective variables studied are highly influential in their praxis because of their attribute of di-rect collaboration with learning. The variables considered internal have a greater assessment of influence; classroom environment and high expectations of students. They are followed in level of influence for working conditions, managerial leadership, professional development, work with representatives and among peers. They are external variables, since other actors also take part in and influence their praxis.Existen variables efectivas que influyen positivamente en la práctica de los profesores y los resultados de aprendizaje (Bruns y Luque, 2014). Este estudio, buscó explorar la configuración comprensiva y la valoración del nivel de influencia  de estas variables en la práctica de profesores de excelencia. Estos profesores son reconocidos por sus directivos por sus prácticas en el aula y con la comunidad educativa. Además sobresale la “capacidad de los profesores de asegurarse de que sus alumnos aprendan” (Bruns y Luque, 2014, p.6) obteniendo altos resultados en pruebas estandarizadas en escuelas públicas que albergan estudiantes vulnerables económicamente. Se seleccionaron 15 docentes de excelencia, trabajando en escuelas públicas de la provincia de Concepción, Chile.  Para crear conexión entre la configuración comprensiva de la variables efectivas y la valoración del nivel de influencia de cada una de ellas por parte de los docentes. Se utilizo un método cualitativo mixto de diseño secuencial exploratorio de cuatro fases. Se utilizaron instrumentos cualitativos (entrevista semiestructura, preguntas abiertas y memos analíticos) como cuantitativos (Escala Lickert). Los resultados demostraron que para los docentes de excelencia todas las variables efectivas estudiadas son altamente influyentes en su praxis por su atributo de colaboración directa con el aprendizaje. Teniendo mayor valoración de influencia las variables consideradas internas; ambiente de aula y altas expectativas sobre los estudiantes. Les siguen en nivel de influencia: condiciones laborales, liderazgo directivo, desarrollo profesional, trabajo con apoderados y entre pares. Consideradas variables externas, puesto que en la praxis de éstas también participan e influencian otros actores

Plan estratégico de marketing de turismo cultural arqueológico Ruta Moche

Actualmente, el Perú recibe el doble de turistas extranjeros y genera cuatro veces más divisas que hace diez años. Al respecto, gran parte de estos turistas realizan un turismo del tipo cultural arqueológico, dado su interés en conocer cómo vivían las personas en otros periodos de tiempo. Uno de los destinos arqueológicos visitados por los turistas es la Ruta Moche, la cual posee un gran valor cultural debido a la cantidad de atractivos ubicados dentro de las regiones de La Libertad y Lambayeque. En la actualidad, la Ruta Moche tan solo recibe alrededor de 60 mil vacacionistas al año mientras que, por ejemplo, Machu Picchu, recibe 1.3 millones aproximadamente. Por lo tanto, se ha realizado una investigación y se ha podido identificar tres principales causas del escaso flujo de turistas a la Ruta Moche: (a) las barreras de integración política y económica existentes entre las regiones de La Libertad y Lambayeque, (b) el poco conocimiento de este destino turístico debido a que los operadores no lo ofrecen como un circuito, y (c) la escasa promoción en el extranjero. Por este motivo, se propone un plan de marketing dirigido al vacacionista extranjero, con una inversión de USD$2’341,350 y cuya propuesta de valor se centrará en tres ejes: experiencia, tecnología e integración histórica. La implementación del plan generará un beneficio social de empleabilidad y mejora en la calidad de vida de las regiones porque duplicará el flujo de turistas al 2021 y, de esta manera, se logrará posicionar a la Ruta Moche como el segundo destino arqueológico del PerúCurrently, Peru receives twice the number of foreign tourists and generates four times more currency than ten years ago. In this regard, much of these tourists made archaeological cultural tourism, given their interest in knowing how people lived in other periods of time. One of the archaeological destinations visited by tourists is the Moche Route (Ruta Moche), which has a great cultural value due to the amount of attractions located in the regions of both La Libertad and Lambayeque. Currently, the Moche Route receives about 100,000 foreign tourists annually of which 60,000 conducting archaeological activities, while, for example, Machu Picchu receives about 1.3 million foreign vacationers. Therefore, an investigation was conducted and three main causes of this little flow of tourists to the Moche Route have been identified: a) the barriers of political and economic integration between the regions of La Libertad and Lambayeque, b) the lack of knowledge of this tourist destination since operators do not offer it as a circuit, and c) the insufficient promotion of this destination abroad. Thus, it has been proposed a marketing plan aimed at foreign vacationers, with an investment of USD$ $2’341,350 and whose value proposition will focus on three areas: experience, technology, and historical integration. The implementation of this plan will generate a social benefit of employability and the improvement in the quality of life in the regions aforementioned, because, it will double the flow of tourists up to 2021 and, thus, will accomplish to position the Moche Route as the second archaeological destination in PeruTesi

Acaulospora flava, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from Coffea arabica and Plukenetia volubilis plantations at the sources of the Amazon river in Peru

A new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Acaulospora flava, was found in coffee (Coffea arabica) and inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis) plantations in the Amazonia region of San Martín State in Peru. The fungus was propagated in bait cultures on Sorghum vulgare, Brachiaria brizantha and Medicago sativa as host plants. It differentiates typical acaulosporoid spores laterally on sporiferous saccule necks. The spores are light yellow, bright yellow to yellow brown, (95-)105-160 × (95-)100-150 μm in diameter and have smooth spore surfaces. Phylogenetically, A. flava clusters in a well-separated clade, nearest to A. kentinensis, followed by A. herrerae, A. spinosissima, A. excavata and A. aspera, of which remarkably A. spinosissima, A. excavata and A. aspera had also been found in inka nut plantations of San Martín State during the last years. Here, we report also A. herrerae and A. fragilissima as fungal symbionts within the rhizosphere of coffee and the inka nut. The later two fungi had so far been recorded by concomitant morphological and molecular analyses only from tropical islands, A. herrerae from Cuba in the Golf of Mexico and A. fragilissima from New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean close to Australia. In this study, the ITS region of A. herrerae was analyzed for the first time and deposited in the public databases. In total, we already recovered fourteen Acaulospora species from coffee and inka nut plantations in San Martín State of Peru, suggesting that Acaulospora species are frequent and beneficial symbionts in coffee and inka nut roots in San Martín State of Peru

Prevalence of Functional Dentition in a Group of Mexican Adult Males

Objective: To determine the prevalence of functional dentition and associated periodontal variables in a sample of Mexican adult males. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 161 policemen in Campeche, Mexico, was carried out. A clinical examination using an electronic probe was used to collect variables (dental plaque, periodontal pockets, gingival recession, suppuration, and bleeding on probing) on 6 periodontal sites (a maximum of 168 sites, excluding third molars). Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables were collected through a self-administered survey. Functional dentition was defined as having 21 or more natural teeth. Data were analyzed with STATA 11.0, using logistic regression models. Results: Mean age was 38.3 (±10.9) years. The prevalence of having a functional dentition was 83.8% in the sample. The odds of having a functional dentition declined with age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.93), having diabetes (OR = 0.27) and with having a high percentage of sites with plaque (OR = 0.77), with bleeding on probing (OR = 0.97), and with gingival recession (OR = 0.82). Conclusion: While a large proportion of subjects had a functional dentition in this community-dwelling sample of adult Mexican males, the likelihood of their having a functional dentition decreased with age, with their having been diagnosed with diabetes, and with assorted negative indicators of periodontal/gingival status

Tooth brushing frequency in Mexican schoolchildren and associated sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and dental variables

Background: Tooth brushing (with fluoridated toothpaste) is the most cost-effective intervention in dentistry and it is widely recommended to preserve good oral health. We aimed to determine the frequency of tooth brushing and the variables associated with this practice in schoolchildren living in southeast Mexico. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1644 schoolchildren, 6 to 13 years old. Questionnaires with socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and dental variables were administered to mothers/guardians of children. The dependent variable was the frequency of tooth brushing, which was categorized as 0 = tooth brushing less than once a day and 1 = tooth brushing at least once a day. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the final results. Results: Mean age was 9.06±2.02 years and 49.1% were girls. The prevalence of tooth brushing at least once a day was 49.8%. In the multivariate model, characteristics related to tooth brushing frequency (p<0.05) were: older age (OR=1.11), being female (OR=1.64), having a larger family (OR=0.87), having had a visit to a dentist during the year preceding the study (OR=1.37), and having had fluoride applications by a professional (OR=1.39). Conclusions: The results suggested that different variables (demographic, socioeconomic and dental) are associated with the frequency of tooth brushing. Family size (proxy variable for socioeconomic status) may indicate certain oral health inequalities in this population

Prevalencia de fluorosis dental en ocho cohortes de mexicanos nacidos durante la instauración del Programa Nacional de Fluoruración de la Sal Doméstica

Objective: to determine the effect of birth cohort on dental fluorosis in Mexican schoolchildren during the implementation of the national program to fluoridate domestic salt. Material and methods: in a cross-sectional study we examined 1,644 schoolchildren 6-13 years old born between 1985-1992 in Campeche, México; a community where there is negligible naturally available fluoride in water supplies. Dental fluorosis was assessed with the Dean’s index in the permanent dentition. Questionnaires were used to identify diverse socio-demographic and socio-economic variables. In the statistical analysis logistic regression was used. results: the prevalence of fluorosis was 15.5%. In the multivariate model, we observed fluorosis was associated with larger family sizes (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84-0.99) and female sex (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57-0.98). Furthermore, using the cohort of 1985 as a comparison group, no significant dental fluorosis differences were found with those born between 1986-1987; in contrast, in the cohorts born between 1989-1992 the risk of dental fluorosis increased by almost four times (p < 0.05). conclusion: the prevalence of fluorosis was low compared to other studies in Mexico. In this community with negligible fluoride in water supplies the likelihood of dental fluorosis increased as the windows of susceptibility in birth cohorts were closer to the chronologic beginning of the national domestic salt fluoridation program in 1991. This trend was more apparent after 1991

Adaptación argentina de la Escala Toronto de Alexitimia (TAS-20) e investigación de la validez del puntaje total y de sus factores

En los términos en que fuera originalmente definida por Sifneos, Nemiah y col. (1976) la alexitimia es un constructo multifacético que comprende a) la dificultad para diferenciar los sentimientos y distinguirlos de las sensaciones corporales b) la dificultad para comunicar y describir los propios sentimientos a otras personas, c) una vida de fantasía empobrecida y d) un estilo cognitivo orientado a intereses en el mundo externo. Inicialmente se conceptualizó la alexitimia como característica de las enfermedades psicosomáticas (asma, úlcera, colitis, hipertensión, artritis, eccema, hipertiroidismo, trastornos de la alimentación, patologías oncológicas, colagenopatías, nuevas patologías autoinmunes, la psoriasis, etcétera) sin embargo recientemente (Taylor, Bagby y Parker ,1997) la definen como “un desorden de la regulación de los afectos”, que se encuentra en muchos cuadros de difícil tratamiento como las psicopatías, las adicciones y la vulnerabilidad crónica o traumática al estrés. Existen teorizaciones neurológicas, psicodinámicas y culturales para explicar la alexitimia. Se han desarrollado, también, numerosos instrumentos de medición de la alexitimia. En 1990 se adaptó en Argentina (Casullo y Wiater) uno de los instrumentos de evaluación de mayor mérito psicométrico: la Alexithymia Toronto Scale (TAS26). En nuestro proyecto de investigación (1997-1999, Sistema de Incentivos, UNLP) investigamos la confiabilidad y validez de la adaptación argentina, la validez de su puntaje total y de sus factores y las variables que afectan la evaluación de la alexitimia. En el nivel internacional el constructo alexitimia y su evaluación han seguido concitando el máximo interés. Se diseñó la versión TAS-20 (1994) con aun mayor confiabilidad y se ha probado su validez factorial en 18 diferentes lenguas y culturas. Los hallazgos afirman la propiedad del uso de la TAS-20 en investigaciones transculturales y postulan a la alexitimia como un rasgo universal que trasciende las diferencias culturales (2003).Eje temático: Técnicas y Procesos de Evaluación PsicológicaFacultad de Psicologí

Adaptación argentina de la Escala Toronto de Alexitimia (TAS-20) e investigación de la validez del puntaje total y de sus factores

En los términos en que fuera originalmente definida por Sifneos, Nemiah y col. (1976) la alexitimia es un constructo multifacético que comprende a) la dificultad para diferenciar los sentimientos y distinguirlos de las sensaciones corporales b) la dificultad para comunicar y describir los propios sentimientos a otras personas, c) una vida de fantasía empobrecida y d) un estilo cognitivo orientado a intereses en el mundo externo. Inicialmente se conceptualizó la alexitimia como característica de las enfermedades psicosomáticas (asma, úlcera, colitis, hipertensión, artritis, eccema, hipertiroidismo, trastornos de la alimentación, patologías oncológicas, colagenopatías, nuevas patologías autoinmunes, la psoriasis, etcétera) sin embargo recientemente (Taylor, Bagby y Parker ,1997) la definen como “un desorden de la regulación de los afectos”, que se encuentra en muchos cuadros de difícil tratamiento como las psicopatías, las adicciones y la vulnerabilidad crónica o traumática al estrés. Existen teorizaciones neurológicas, psicodinámicas y culturales para explicar la alexitimia. Se han desarrollado, también, numerosos instrumentos de medición de la alexitimia. En 1990 se adaptó en Argentina (Casullo y Wiater) uno de los instrumentos de evaluación de mayor mérito psicométrico: la Alexithymia Toronto Scale (TAS26). En nuestro proyecto de investigación (1997-1999, Sistema de Incentivos, UNLP) investigamos la confiabilidad y validez de la adaptación argentina, la validez de su puntaje total y de sus factores y las variables que afectan la evaluación de la alexitimia. En el nivel internacional el constructo alexitimia y su evaluación han seguido concitando el máximo interés. Se diseñó la versión TAS-20 (1994) con aun mayor confiabilidad y se ha probado su validez factorial en 18 diferentes lenguas y culturas. Los hallazgos afirman la propiedad del uso de la TAS-20 en investigaciones transculturales y postulan a la alexitimia como un rasgo universal que trasciende las diferencias culturales (2003).Eje temático: Técnicas y Procesos de Evaluación PsicológicaFacultad de Psicologí

Fungal Systematics and Evolution: FUSE 8

In this 8th contribution to the Fungal Systematics and Evolution series published by Sydowia, the authors formally describe 11 species: Cortinarius caryae, C. flavolilacinus, C. lilaceolamellatus, C. malodorus, C. olivaceolamellatus, C. quercophilus, C. violaceoflavescens, C. viridicarneus, Entoloma meridionale (Agaricales), Hortiboletus rupicapreus (Boletales), and Paraglomus peruvianum (Paraglomerales). The following new country records are reported: Bolbitius callistus (Agaricales) from Russia and Hymenoscyphus equiseti (Helotiales) from Sweden. Hymenoscyphus equiseti is proposed as a new combination for Lanzia equiseti, based on ITS and LSU sequence data in combination with morphological study

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years