Proceso de revisión en estudiantes de traducción y bilingües

El presente estudio recoge un proceso de investigación empírica sobre la revisión de traducciones. A partir de los diferentes tipos de bilingües que se han establecido en estudios precedentes, del análisis teórico de qué es la revisión de la traducción y de las diversas teorías que relacionan el bilingüismo y la traducción, se propone una definición de persona bilingüe que va a servir para separar a los sujetos que forman dos muestras diferentes: una de estudiantes de traducción, y otra de bilingües sin formación relacionada con la traducción. A ambas muestras se les pedirá que realicen una revisión de una traducción de inglés a español, en igualdad de condiciones y con acceso a los mismos recursos. En esta traducción han sido introducidos previamente una serie de errores que se espera que los sujetos de las muestras identifiquen, aunque las hipótesis defienden que no lo harán del mismo modo y, por lo tanto, no llegarán al mismo resultado. De esta manera, se llevará a cabo un análisis comparativo del que se extraerá, en la parte final del trabajo, una serie de conclusiones que, aunque no serán en ningún momento extrapolables al total de la población, resultarán representativas para las muestras aquí analizadas y podrían también servir como base para futuros estudios que profundicen en este tema o traten la revisión de traducciones desde un punto de vista empírico. El análisis de la revisión realizada por los estudiantes de traducción y los bilingües sin formación específica se completará con la respuesta dada a un cuestionario electrónico enviado cuando el investigador ha recibido la tarea de revisión. El trabajo se completa con la inclusión de los anexos correspondientes: copia del texto original y de la traducción modificada, copia de las preguntas incluidas en el cuestionario electrónico y, finalmente, el listado con los cuarenta errores que se han tenido en cuenta para valorar el resultado de las revisiones

AirTicket Sales as Bids from Airline Alliances

Motivated by the higher price sensitivity and service homogenisation in the airline industry in recent years, we propose a new methodology to deal with transaction prices and to estimate the effect of alliances in the US domestic market. The assumption that airlines compete on price allows us to take advantage of the observational equivalence between Bertrand competition and the reverse English auction. We then apply an MLE method, developed by Paarsch (1997) for esti- mating auctions, to recover the distributional characteristics of air fares using a sample of airline tickets from the US domestic market. This procedure allows us to benefit from the heterogeneity of individual prices while most studies have used average prices, which would have involved a loss of information and a potential bias. We find that an alliance operating in a market is associated with prices on average 18.9 percent higher. Additionally, we find the standard deviation of ticket prices to be 4.3 percent higher, which is likely related to more efficient revenue management practice by alliance partners operating together in the same market

The Social Cost of Air Traffic Delays

The so-called buffer time or buffer delay allows airlines to control for excessive delays by introducing extra time in their schedule in addition to what is technically required. . We study the differences between unregulated markets - where airlines are free to fix their buffer times strategically - and a situation where a social planner would control for time schedules, and in particular the buffer time. To do so, we use a calibrated model of a network of three cities - one of them being a hub - served by a single airline. Welfare losses that follow from delays are relatively small as compared to the potential benefits that would follow from a decrease in ticket prices. The model thus advocates that, at least for the connections that are considered, fares rather than delays should be the focus of institutions aiming at enhancing passengers’ welfare

Airline cooperation effects on airfare distribution: an auction-model-based approach

Airline alliances have a long history yet there is no academic consensus on how they affect price levels and their impact on price dispersion has not yet been studied. We address this question using a novel methodology motivated by the service homogenization and increased price competiton in this industry in the recent years. Establishing an equivalence between the online sales process and a reverse English auction, we use methods from auction econometrics to work in a new way with the standard industry data set: using individual ticket sales where only aggregated prices have been used in the past. Applicable to other industries where sellers compete in prices, this approach allows us to reconsider the effect of airline alliances on the distribution of airfares in the US domestic market. We find lower price mean and dispersion in markets where airlines belong to an alliance as a result of the lower variability of costs. The methodology we apply here can be used to study any distribution of individualized prices, which are now prevalent since the advent of the digital economy

Soil salinity related to physical soil characteristics and irrigation management in four Mediterranean irrigation districts

25 Pag., 6 Tabl., 1 Fig. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (ECe) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (ECa readings) and district-specific ECa–ECe calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The ECa–ECe calibration equations were highly significant (P 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P Morocco (2.2 dS m−1) > Spain (1.4 dS m−1) > Turkey (0.45 dS m−1). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m−1), high in Spain (4.6 dS m−1), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m−1), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m−1). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (ECdw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high ECdw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low ECdw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high ECdw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.This study was supported by the European Commission research project INCO-CT-2005-015031.Peer reviewe

Wireless characterization and assessment of an UWB-Based system in industrial environments

The advent of Indsutrial Internet of Things is one of the main drivers for the implementation of Industry 4.0 scenarios and applications, in which wireless communication systems play a key role in terms of flexibility, mobility and deployment capabilities. However, the integration of wireless communication systems poses challenges, owing to variable path loss conditions and interference impact. In this work, an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) system for indoor location in very large, complex industrial scenarios is presented. Precise wireless channel characterization for the complete volume of a logistical plant is performed, based on 3D hybrid ray launching approximation, in order to aid network node design process. Wireless characterization, implementation and measurement results are obtained for both 4 GHz and 6 GHz frequency bands, considering different densities of scatterers within the scenario under test. Time domain estimation results have been obtained and compared with time of flight measurement results, showing good agreement. The proposed methodology enables to perform system design and performance tasks, analyzing the impact of variable object density conditions in wireless channel response, providing accurate time of flight estimations without the need of complex channel sounder systems, aiding in optimal system planning and implementation.This work was supported in part by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Stardust-Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities) under Grant 774094, in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia through the Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional—FEDER, European Union) under Grant RTI2018-095499-B-C31 IoTrain, and in part by the Gobierno de Navarra-Departamento de Desarrollo Económico under Grant 0011-1365-2019-000097 OEE LOG

Comparison of Geonics EM38 and Dualem 1S electromagnetic induction sensors for the measurement of salinity and other soil properties

17 Pags., 3 Tabls., 3 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1475-2743The electromagnetic induction (EMI) Geonics EM38 (G-EM38) and Dualem 1S (D-1S) sensors are used frequently for assessment of soil salinity and other soil characteristics in irrigated agriculture. We compared these two sensors to determine whether they could be used interchangeably for the measurement of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) in horizontal (ECa-h) and vertical (ECa-v) coil receiver modes. Readings were taken at 201 locations identified in three irrigation districts in both modes, and statistical comparisons were made on the raw data and from maps of a 2-ha irrigated field made using 1680 horizontal mode readings. Both sensors gave the same ECa-v readings (mean G-EM38 and D-1S difference = 0), whereas the ECa-h readings were slightly greater with the Geonics EM38 than with the Dualem D-1S (mean difference = 0.075 and 0.05 dS/m for the 201 and 1680 observations, respectively). The degree of coincidence between both sensors for soil profile ECa classification was acceptable: 82% for normal profiles (i.e. ECa-h/ECa-v 1.1). In practical terms, Geonics EM38 and Dualem 1S sensors could be used interchangeably with similar or very close results.This study was partially supported by the European Commission (Qualiwater project INCO-CT-2005-015031) and by an INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain) doctoral fellowship given to V. Urdanoz.Peer reviewe

Función de la razón en la ética

Resumen: La ética, como las demás ciencias y ramas o partes de la filosofía, es un producto de la razón. Y no sólo la ciencia ética en sí o como doctrina, sino también la ética como praxis, el comportamiento o conducta humana moral, nacen primordialmente de la razón. Esto por otra parte es una banalidad, desde el momento en que afirmamos que todo [o específico en el hombre, como es de modo tan especial su vida moral, tiene su primera fuente en la razón humana. Por algo todos admiten la definición aristotélica del hombre como "animal racional", o la otra versión de Cicerón de que "la razón es la facultad por la que se supone que el hombre se distingue de los animales". Como todo el corpus de la filosofía, la ética recibe su primera y fundamental estructuración en el pensamiento griego. La filosofía helénica es la que ha construido también, sobre todo por obra de Aristóteles, las nociones, términos y categorías básicas referentes a las doctrinas éticas que han sido recibidas a través de los siglos en el pensamiento occidental. En ella y en su continuación por los autores romanos también encontramos el significado original de los términos que conciernen a la función de la razón en la elaboración de las doctrinas éticas, a través de su doble dimensión de razón especulativa y razón práctica. Vamos a señalar brevemente estos conceptos, comenzando por la noción básica de razón en general