SUBORDISCRIMINACIÓN Y DISCRIMINACIÓN INTERSECCIONAL: ELEMENTOS PARA UNA TEORÍA DEL DERECHO ANTIDISCRIMINATORIO

This  work  is part of a revision in progress revisiting  of modern Antidiscrimination Law  that  the  authors  have  been  carrying  out  over  the  last  f ifteen  years.  The  first  part examines  texts by a US political  philosopher  and two legal scholars  (I. M. Young,  C. A. MacKinnon and K. Crenshaw), that have inspired a proposed concept of discrimination and an understanding of intersectionality  based on the acknowledgement  of systems of oppres- sion. The second part focuses on the analysis of the concept of multiple or intersectional discrimination  proposed by the Spanish legal doctrine starting from the legal case of “La Nena”, a woman married by the Gipsy ritual that was denied her widow’s benef its. From the above,  the paper concludes  with a series of proposals,  among  which those related  to the need to avoid that the intersectionality  discourse disaggregates  group political identity into individuality,  reinforces  the sex-gender  system,  or strengthens  an excessively  judge-based Antidiscrimination  Law.Este trabajo  se inscribe  en una revisión  in progress del Derecho  antidiscriminatorio moderno que las autoras vienen efectuando  desde hace más de tres lustros. En la primera parte  del  mismo  se examinan  los  textos  de una  f ilósofa  política  y de dos  juristas  esta- dounidenses  (I. M. Young,  C. A. MacKinnon  y K. Crensahw)  que inspiran  la propuesta de un concepto  de discriminación  y de una visión de la interseccionalidad  basados  en el reconocimiento  de los sistemas de opresión. La segunda parte se centra en el análisis del concepto  de  discriminación  múltiple  o interseccional  propuesto  por  la  doctrina  jurídica española a partir de la jurisprudencia referida al caso de una mujer (“La Nena”) casada por el  rito gitano que ve denegada  su pensión de viudedad. A partir de lo anterior, el trabajo concluye  con una serie de propuestas  entre las que destacan  las referidas  a la necesidad de evitar que el discurso  sobre la interseccionalidad  disuelva  la identidad  política de los grupos en la individualidad,  refuerce el sistema sexo-género  y consolide un Derecho antidiscriminatorio  de corte excesivamente  jurisprudencial

Serum markers improve current prediction of metastasis development in early-stage melanoma patients: a machine learning-based study

Metastasis development represents an important threat for melanoma patients, even when diagnosed at early stages and upon removal of the primary tumor. In this scenario, determination of prognostic biomarkers would be of great interest. Serum contains information about the general status of the organism and therefore represents a valuable source for biomarkers. Thus, we aimed to define serological biomarkers that could be used along with clinical and histopathological features of the disease to predict metastatic events on the early-stage population of patients. We previously demonstrated that in stage II melanoma patients, serum levels of dermcidin (DCD) were associated with metastatic progression. Based on the relevance of the immune response on the cancer progression and the recent association of DCD with local and systemic immune response against cancer cells, serum DCD was analyzed in a new cohort of patients along with interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- beta), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We initially recruited 448 melanoma patients, 323 of whom were diagnosed as stages I-II according to AJCC. Levels of selected cytokines were determined by ELISA and Luminex, and obtained data were analyzed employing machine learning and Kaplan-Meier techniques to define an algorithm capable of accurately classifying early-stage melanoma patients with a high and low risk of developing metastasis. The results show that in early-stage melanoma patients, serum levels of the cytokines IL-4, GM-CSF, and DCD together with the Breslow thickness are those that best predict melanoma metastasis. Moreover, resulting algorithm represents a new tool to discriminate subjects with good prognosis from those with high risk for a future metastasis.We are grateful to the Basque Biobank for providing the serum samples. We are also most grateful to Drs Arantza Arrieta and Natalia Maruri (Cruces University Hospital) for their technical support with the serum marker detection. This work was supported by grants from the Basque Government (KK2016-036 and KK2017-041 to MDB), UPV/EHU (GIU17/066 to MDB), H2020-ESCEL JTI (15/01 to MDB), and MINECO (PCIN-2015-241 to MDB

BRAF V600E mutational load as a prognosis biomarker in malignant melanoma

Analyzing the mutational load of driver mutations in melanoma could provide valuable information regarding its progression. We aimed at analyzing the heterogeneity of mutational load of BRAF V600E in biopsies of melanoma patients of different stages, and investigating its potential as a prognosis factor. Mutational load of BRAF V600E was analyzed by digital PCR in 78 biopsies of melanoma patients of different stages and 10 nevi. The BRAF V600E load was compared among biopsies of different stages. Results showed a great variability in the load of V600E (0%-81%). Interestingly, we observed a significant difference in the load of V600E between the early and late melanoma stages, in the sense of an inverse correlation between BRAF V600E mutational load and melanoma progression. In addition, a machine learning approach showed that the mutational load of BRAF V600E could be a good predictor of metastasis in stage II patients. Our results suggest that BRAF V600E is a promising biomarker of prognosis in stage II patients.This research was supported by the Basque Government (grants ELKARTEK-KK2016-036 and KK2017-041 to MDB, grant IT1138-16 to SA and predoctoral fellowship PRE_2014_1_419 to AS), and by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (grant GIU17/066). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Pirin is a prognostic marker of human melanoma that dampens the proliferation of malignant cells by downregulating JARID1B/KDM5B expression

Originally considered to act as a transcriptional co‑factor, Pirin has recently been reported to play a role in tumorigenesis and the malignant progression of many tumors. Here, we have analyzed the diagnostic and prognostic value of Pirin expression in the early stages of melanoma, and its role in the biology of melanocytic cells. Pirin expression was analyzed in a total of 314 melanoma biopsies, correlating this feature with the patient’s clinical course. Moreover, PIR downregulated primary melanocytes were analyzed by RNA sequencing, and the data obtained were validated in human melanoma cell lines overexpressing PIR by functional assays. The immunohistochemistry multivariate analysis revealed that early melanomas with stronger Pirin expression were more than twice as likely to develop metastases during the follow‑up. Transcriptome analysis of PIR downregulated melanocytes showed a dampening of genes involved in the G1/S transition, cell proliferation, and cell migration. In addition, an in silico approach predicted that JARID1B as a potential transcriptional regulator that lies between PIR and its downstream modulated genes, which was corroborated by co‑transfection experiments and functional analysis. Together, the data obtained indicated that Pirin could be a useful marker for the metastatic progression of melanoma and that it participates in the proliferation of melanoma cells by regulating the slow‑cycling JARID1B gene.This project was supported by grants from the Basque Government (KK2017-041 and KK2020-00069 to M.D.B.), the UPV/EHU (GIU17/066 to M.D.B.), H2020-ESCEL JTI (15/01 to M.D.B.) and MINECO (PCIN-2015-241 to M.D.B.). CP holds a predoctoral fellowship from the Basque Government. Part of this project is under European patent No. EP3051291 (EP14796149.4): “Method for diagnosis and prognosis of cutaneous melanoma”, Univer- sity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). The authors acknowledge the technical support SGIker resources at the UPV/EHU for the computational calculations, which were carried out in the Arina Informatics Cluster. The authors are grateful to the Basque Biobank for providing the biopsy samples and in particular, to María Jesús Fernández and Arantza Perez Dobaran for their technical support with the immunohistochemistry

POR UNA CULTURA DE PAZ: UNA MIRADA DESDE LAS CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA

En
 virtud
 de
 lo
 anterior,
 los
 estudiosos
 de
 las
 ciencias
 de
 la
 conducta
 
de
 la
 Universidad
Autónoma 
del
 Estado 
de 
México,

ante 
la
persistencia
 y 
proliferación
 de
 estos 
hechos
 en
 diversas
 partes
 del
Mundo
 y
 de
 nuestro 
país 
en 
particular, se
 convocó
 a
 los
 estudiosos
 interesados
 y
 a
 la
 sociedad
 en
 general
 a
 presentar
 trabajos
 para
 analizar,
 debatir
 y
 proponer
 estrategias
 de
 acción
 y
 dirección,
 que
 fortalezcan
 una
 convivencia y bienestar con sentido humanista para una cultura de paz. El
 presente
 texto
 es
 producto
 de 
esta convocatoria 
que
 recoge 
los
trabajos 
de 

los
 interesados 
en 
la
 temática,

 de
 diferentes 
países
(España,
Argentina,
Cuba,
Brasil,
Costa
 Rica
 y
 México)
 retomando
 con
 ello
 sus
 experiencias
 relativas
 al
 estudio,
 análisis,
 comprensión
 e
 instrumentación
 de
 la
 cultura
 de
 paz
 en
 los
 distintos
 ámbitos
 institucionales
 en
 los
 que
 participan:
 educativo,
 salud,
 penitenciario,
 social,
laboral,
familia,
alimentario,
psicológico,
por 
mencionar 
algunos.
 El
 presente
 libro,
 propicia
 un
 espacio
 de
 reflexión,
 diálogo
 y
 posicionamiento
 de
 las 
ciencias 
de 
la 
conducta
 para 
la 
apropiación,
análisis,
debate
 y 
propuestas 
que
 fortalezcan 
una
 cultura
 de 
paz
 a
través
 de 
la
 convivencia 
y
 el 
bienestar
 social 
con
 sentido 
humanista.
El
 sistema 
económico
 neoliberal
 y 
el 
proceso
 de 
globalización 
han
 contribuido
al
 logro
 de
 avances
 significativos
 en
 la
 ciencia
 y
 la
 tecnología,
 pero
 también
 han
 propiciado
 la
 polarización
 de
 las
 sociedades
 lo
 que
 ha
 impactado
 de
 manera
 negativa
 a
 la
 sociedad
 en
 su
 conjunto,
 pero
 en
 mayor
 medida
 a
 los grupos
 vulnerables. Dicha
 polarización
 ha
 traído
 consigo
 un
 desarrollo
 desigual
 del
 mundo
 que
 se
 expresa
 de
 diferentes
 maneras
 tanto
 en
 países
 desarrollados
 como
 en
 los
 llamados
 del
 tercer
 mundo,
 en
 donde
 no
 están
 satisfechas
 las
 necesidades
 humanas 
elementales
 de
 todos 
los
sectores 
de 
la 
población,
siempre 
falta 
algo. 
Si 
a
 esto 
le
 sumamos 
los
conflictos
 internacionales por
 diferentes
 motivos
 que
 enfrentan
 algunas
 naciones,
 una
 insuficiente
 cobertura
 educativa
 y
 de
 salud,

 desempleo
 y
 pobreza 
extrema,
 entre 
otras
 cosas; 
estamos
 frente
 a
retos 
de
 gran
 envergadura
 para
 los
 gobiernos,
 para
 los
 estudiosos
 y
 para
 la
 sociedad
 civil
 en
 general. Uno 
de 
los
 intentos
 para
 frenar 
y prevenir 
la
 agudización
 de 
estas 
problemáticas
 es
 la
 cultura 
de 
paz,
cuyo
 estudio
y propuestas 
han 
ido 
avanzando 
en 
diferentes
 sentidos 
y 
de 
manera 
favorable,
el 
tema 
está 
presente 
en 
diferentes 
Organismos
 Internacionales
 como
 la
 ONU,
 la
 UNESCO,
 la
 OCDE,
 El
 Banco
 Mundial,
 entre
 otros.
 Pero
 falta 
mucho 
por 
hacer.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

una mirada desde las Ciencias de la Conducta

Este libro es el resultado de los trabajos presentados en el 1er Congreso Internacional "Convivencia y bienestar con sentido humanista para una cultura de paz"