La consommation bridée : Contrôle des prix et rationnement durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale

De 1939 jusqu’à 1951, les consommateurs canadiens connaissent trois régimes de consommation : une phase de contrôles progressifs qui dure jusqu’à 1942 ; une phase de restrictions plus sévères de 1942 à 1947, s’adoucissant à partir de 1946 ; une phase terminale au cours de laquelle les derniers contrôles disparaissent. Les restrictions sont appliquées par un organisme aux pouvoirs étendus : la Commission des prix et du commerce en temps de guerre, dont l’histoire corporative recoupe la périodisation précédente. Au fil du temps, la vie devient moins confortable. Conjuguées à l’inquiétude des familles pour les mobilisés et à la lassitude générale qu’un long conflit entraîne, les restrictions peuvent susciter la critique, ce dont se soucie évidemment l’État. Il ne lui suffit pas de brandir le patriotisme, même si des campagnes de propagande sont menées à cet effet. Pour ajuster ses politiques, Ottawa tente de connaître le sentiment populaire, mais sans toujours y parvenir.From 1939 to 1951, Canadian consumers experienced three consumer rationing regimes : a phase of progressive controls that lasted until 1942 ; a phase of stricter restrictions from 1942 to 1947, with some relaxation beginning in 1946 ; and a final phase during which the last controls disappeared. These restrictions were enforced by the Wartime Prices and Trade Board, an organization with far-reaching powers and whose corporate history corresponds to the timeline outlined above. Over time, daily life became less comfortable. Combined with concern for mobilized family members and the general weariness a protracted war entailed, these restrictions sometimes sparked criticism, which was a source of obvious concern for the State. It was not enough to brandish patriotism, although propaganda campaigns were carried out to this effect. In order to adjust its policies, Ottawa attempted to assess popular sentiment, with limited success

L'engagement dans les études comme facteur de réussite, un concept pas si simple à cerner /

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La petite et la grande histoire de l'AQPC

Dans le cadre de la célébration du 30e anniversaire de l’Association québécoise de pédagogie collégiale (AQPC), cette entrevue avec Gérald Sigouin, l'un des pères fondateurs de l'Association et premier directeur général de son histoire, donne un aperçu des premiers pas de cet organisme qui allait contribuer à animer le milieu collégial et à favoriser l'établissement de liens entre les gens qui y travaillent. De l'idée derrière la création de l'AQPC, en passant par les motifs ayant incité les fondateurs à passer à l'action, M. Sigouin partage son expérience, soulignant les événements marquants des premières années de l'Association et ses moments charnières. Il compare aussi le projet initial avec l'accomplissement réalisé par l'organisme et met en lumière les effets bénéfiques concrétisés au fil des ans : le regroupement de tous les acteurs du réseau collégial, sans distinction de fonctions ; l'ancrage pédagogique de l'Association, son influence et son rayonnement par ses publications, dont la revue Pédagogie collégiale ; les colloques annuels, le prix Gérald-Sigouin, les Mentions d'honneur, ses interventions officielles et tous les témoignages de reconnaissance reçus, dont celui de l'UNESCO. Selon lui, l'AQPC est une force vive et un facteur de développement du réseau collégial

L'esprit et la lettre : typologie des politiques institutionnelles liées à la langue

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Tensions that impede language evaluation

Bibliographi

Évaluer la langue écrite des collégiens : pourquoi et jusqu'où? : survol des résultats d'une recherche portant sur les déterminants de l'évaluation de la langue

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 5 août 2008).Également disponible en format papier.Bibliogr

Fine-scale assessment of genetic diversity of trembling aspen in northwestern North America

Background: In North America, the last ice age is the most recent event with severe consequences on boreal species’ ranges. Phylogeographic patterns of range expansion in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) suggested that Beringia is likely to be a refugium and the "ice-free corridor" in Alberta may represent a region where small populations persisted during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the origins of trembling aspen in western North America are reflected in the patterns of neutral genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 28 sites were sampled covering the northwestern part of aspen’s distribution, from Saskatchewan to Alaska. Twelve microsatellite markers were used to describe patterns of genetic diversity. The genetic structure of trembling aspen populations was assessed by using multivariate analyses, Mantel correlograms, neighbor-joining trees and Bayesian analysis. Results: Microsatellite markers revealed little to no neutral genetic structure of P. tremuloides populations in northwestern North America. Low differentiation among populations and small isolation by distance (IBD) were observed. The most probable number of clusters detected by STRUCTURE was K = 3 (?K = 5.9). The individuals in the populations of the 3 clusters share a common gene pool and showed a high level of admixture. No evidence was found that either Beringia or the "ice-free corridor" were refugia. Highest allelic richness (AR) and lowest heterozygosity (Ho) were observed in Alberta foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, our results showed that microsatellite markers revealed little to no genetic structure in P. tremuloides populations. Consequently, no divergent populations were observed near supposed refugia. The lack of detectable refugia in Beringia and in the "ice-free corridor" was due to high levels of gene flow between trembling apsen populations. More favorable environmental conditions for sexual reproduction and successful trembling aspen seedling establishment may have contributed to increase allelic richness through recombination in populations from the Albertan foothills of the Rocky Mountains

Influence of northern limit range on genetic diversity and structure in a widespread North American tree, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall)

Due to climate change, the ranges of many North American tree species are expected to shift northward. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) reaches its northern continuous distributional limit in northeastern North America at the transition between boreal mixed-wood and temperate deciduous forests. We hypothesized that marginal fragmented northern populations from the boreal mixed wood would have a distinct pattern of genetic structure and diversity. We analyzed variation at 18 microsatellite loci from 23 populations distributed along three latitudinal transects (west, central, and east) that encompass the continuous–discontinuous species range. Each transect was divided into two zones, continuous (temperate deciduous) and discontinuous (boreal mixed wood), based on sugar maple stand abundance. Respective positive and negative relationships were found between the distance of each population to the northern limit (D_north), and allelic richness (AR) and population differentiation (FST). These relations were tested for each transect separately; the pattern (discontinuous–continuous) remained significant only for the western transect. structure analysis revealed the presence of four clusters. The most northern populations of each transect were assigned to a distinct group. Asymmetrical gene flow occurred from the southern into the four northernmost populations. Southern populations in Québec may have originated from two different postglacial migration routes. No evidence was found to validate the hypothesis that northern populations were remnants of a larger population that had migrated further north of the species range after the retreat of the ice sheet. The northernmost sugar maple populations possibly originated from long-distance dispersal