The emotional actor: An investigation of the impact of past collective action and emotions on future action intentions and choices

The impact of past collective action and emotions in predicting conventional and radical action intentions for defending marriage equality laws investigated using a survey of 163 Americans on the Amazon Mechanical Turk survey platform. Participants were exposed to manipulations of the conventionality, either conventional or radical, and the outcome, either successful or failed, of a hypothetical collective action they had engaged in to assess the novel untested DIME model. Emotional responses to the manipulated outcomes were measured including anger, sadness, contempt, guilt, shame, fear, and pride to assess possible indirect causal pathways in which success of the initial action should predict the experience of emotion, which in turn should predict increased or reduced conventional and/or radical action intentions. Results indicated no impact of conventionality of the initial action on collective action intentions. However, a strong effect of success was identified for predicting each emotion, with a successful outcome of initial action predicting less anger, sadness, contempt, guilt, shame, and fear, and predicting greater pride. Furthermore, indirect effects of pride and fear were identified in predicting collective action intentions. Success promoted the experience of pride, which in turn increased conventional and radical action intentions. On the other hand, fear was reduced following success, which in turned reduced and demotivated conventional action intentions. Implications of these results are discussed for the DIME model and collective action theory, as well as practical considerations for managing and improving engagement by in-group members within relevant political movements

Full Surveys Studies 1-9

This component contains the full surveys for each study included in the meta-analysis

Meta-analysis R scripts and files - no control variables

This component contains the R scripts and associated files to calculate the effect size and sample variance estimates and perform the meta-analyses for each DV without control variables

Meta-analysis R scripts and files

This component contains the R scripts and associated files to calculate the effect size and sample variance estimates and perform the meta-analyses for each DV (with and without controlling for age and gender)

Iterative stochastic simulations R scripts and files

This component contains the R scripts and associated files to perform the iterative stochastic simulations

Meta-analysis R scripts and files - controlling for age and gender

This component contains the R scripts and associated files to calculate the effect size and sample variance estimates and perform the meta-analyses for each DV while controlling for age and gender

Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. Methods We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to < 10 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), a sustained decrease in eGFR of & GE;40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes. Results A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P < 0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P=0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified