19 research outputs found
Giant molecular clouds in the non-grand design spiral galaxy NGC 6946
We present high spatial resolution observations of Giant Molecular Clouds
(GMCs) in the eastern part of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6946 obtained with
the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA). We have
observed 12CO(1-0), 12CO(2-1) and 13CO(1-0), achieving spatial resolutions of
5.4" x 5.0", 2.5" x 2.0" and 5.6" x 5.4" respectively over a region of 6 x 6
kpc. This region extends from 1.5 kpc to 8 kpc galactocentric radius, thus
avoiding the intense star formation in the central kpc. We have recovered
short-spacing u-v components by using single dish observations from the
Nobeyama 45m and IRAM 30m telescopes. Using the automated CPROPS algorithm we
identified 44 CO cloud complexes in the 12CO(1-0) map and 64 GMCs in the
12CO(2-1) maps. The sizes, line widths, and luminosities of the GMCs are
similar to values found in other extragalactic studies. We have classified the
clouds into on-arm and inter-arm clouds based on the stellar mass density
traced by the 3.6 um map. On-arm clouds present in general higher star
formation rates than clouds located on inter-arm regions. Although the star
formation efficiency shows no systematic trend with galactocentric radius, some
on-arm clouds -- which are more luminous and more massive compared to inter-arm
GMCs -- are also forming stars more efficiently than the rest of the identified
GMCs. These structures appear to be located on two specific regions in the
spiral arms. One of them shows a strong gradient, suggesting that this region
of high star formation efficiency may be the result of gas flow convergence.Comment: 23 pages, 21 figures, 3 tables. To be published in The Astrophysical
Journa
Molecular Gas in Spiral Galaxies
In this review, I highlight a number of recent surveys of molecular gas in
nearby spiral galaxies. Through such surveys, more complete observations of the
distribution and kinematics of molecular gas have become available for galaxies
with a wider range of properties (e.g., brightness, Hubble type, strength of
spiral or bar structure). These studies show the promise of both
interferometers and single-dish telescopes in advancing our general
understanding of molecular gas in spiral galaxies. In particular, I highlight
the contributions of the recent BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies (SONG).Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure. To appear in the proceedings of the 4th
Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt-Symposium, "The Dense Interstellar Medium in Galaxies",
which was held in Zermatt, Switzerland in September 200
The BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies (BIMA SONG). II. The CO Data
The BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies is a systematic imaging study of the 3 mm
CO J = 1--0 molecular emission within the centers and disks of 44 nearby spiral
galaxies. The typical spatial resolution of the survey is 6", or 360 pc at the
average distance (12 Mpc) of the sample, over a field of view of 10kpc. The
velocity resolution of the CO observations is 4 km/s. The sample was not chosen
based on CO or infrared brightness; instead, all spirals were included that met
the selection criteria of vsun = -20deg, inc <= 70deg, D25 <
70', and BT < 11.0. The detection rate was 41/44 sources or 93%. Fully-sampled
single-dish CO data were incorporated into the maps for 24 galaxies; these
single-dish data comprise the most extensive collection of fully-sampled,
two-dimensional single-dish CO maps of external galaxies to date. We also
tabulate direct measurements of the global CO flux densities for these 24
sources. We demonstrate that the measured ratios of flux density recovered are
a function of the signal-to-noise of the interferometric data. We examine the
degree of central peakedness of the molecular surface density distributions and
show that the distributions exhibit their brightest CO emission within the
central 6" in only 20/44 or 45% of the sample. We show that all three Local
Group spiral galaxies have CO morphologies that are represented in SONG, though
the Milky Way CO luminosity is somewhat below the SONG average, and M31 and M33
are well below average. This survey provides a unique public database of
integrated intensity maps, channel maps, spectra, and velocity fields of
molecular emission in nearby galaxies.Comment: Full-color reprints available from the authors; full resolution
figures also available in electronic version of published article or at
http://astro.berkeley.edu/~thelfer/bimasong_supplement.pd
Early and empirical high-dose cryoprecipitate for hemorrhage after traumatic injury: The CRYOSTAT-2 randomized clinical trial
Critical bleeding is associated with a high mortality rate in patients with trauma. Hemorrhage is exacerbated by a complex derangement of coagulation, including an acute fibrinogen deficiency. Management is fibrinogen replacement with cryoprecipitate transfusions or fibrinogen concentrate, usually administered relatively late during hemorrhage. To assess whether survival could be improved by administering an early and empirical high dose of cryoprecipitate to all patients with trauma and bleeding that required activation of a major hemorrhage protocol. CRYOSTAT-2 was an interventional, randomized, open-label, parallel-group controlled, international, multicenter study. Patients were enrolled at 26 UK and US major trauma centers from August 2017 to November 2021. Eligible patients were injured adults requiring activation of the hospital's major hemorrhage protocol with evidence of active hemorrhage, systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg at any time, and receiving at least 1 U of a blood component transfusion. Patients were randomly assigned (in a 1:1 ratio) to receive standard care, which was the local major hemorrhage protocol (reviewed for guideline adherence), or cryoprecipitate, in which 3 pools of cryoprecipitate (6-g fibrinogen equivalent) were to be administered in addition to standard care within 90 minutes of randomization and 3 hours of injury. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 28 days in the intention-to-treat population. Among 1604 eligible patients, 799 were randomized to the cryoprecipitate group and 805 to the standard care group. Missing primary outcome data occurred in 73 patients (principally due to withdrawal of consent) and 1531 (95%) were included in the primary analysis population. The median (IQR) age of participants was 39 (26-55) years, 1251 (79%) were men, median (IQR) Injury Severity Score was 29 (18-43), 36% had penetrating injury, and 33% had systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg at hospital arrival. All-cause 28-day mortality in the intention-to-treat population was 26.1% in the standard care group vs 25.3% in the cryoprecipitate group (odds ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.75-1.23]; P = .74). There was no difference in safety outcomes or incidence of thrombotic events in the standard care vs cryoprecipitate group (12.9% vs 12.7%). Among patients with trauma and bleeding who required activation of a major hemorrhage protocol, the addition of early and empirical high-dose cryoprecipitate to standard care did not improve all cause 28-day mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04704869; ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN14998314
Sugar Sweetened Beverage Consumption among Adults with Gout or Type 2 Diabetes.
Current guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes and gout recommend that people with these conditions limit their sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) intake. We examined self-reported SSB intake among New Zealand adults with gout or type 2 diabetes, including those on hemodialysis.1023 adults with gout and 580 adults (including 206 receiving hemodialysis) with type 2 diabetes, participated in this study of between 2009 and 2012. Participants completed an interviewer-administered SSB intake question "how many sugar sweetened drinks (including fruit juice), but not including diet drinks, do you normally drink per day?" SSB consumption was recorded as a circled number 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or >5, cans or large glasses (300 mL) per day.Consuming one or more SSB per day was reported by 64% (622/1023) of subjects with gout, 49% (176/374) with type 2 diabetes without dialysis, and 47% (96/206) with diabetes on dialysis. Consuming four or more SSBs per day was reported by 18% (179/1023), 9% (31/374) and 9% (18/206), respectively. Such high consumers of SSB were characterized after multivariable analysis to be more likely to be male (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.8; 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.9), younger in age (40 vs 65 years: 1.6; 1.1-2.3), current smoker (5.2; 2.7-10.1), obese (BMI 41 vs 26 kg/m(2): 1.4; 1-1.9), and report Māori (1.8; 1.2-2.8) or Pacific (1.6; 1.1-2.5) ancestry, compared to Caucasian. People with gout were more likely to report heavy SSB intake compared to people with diabetes (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9). Heavy SSB consumption reported by people with diabetes was similar if they did or did not require dialysis.A high proportion of patients with gout and type 2 diabetes, including those on haemodialysis, are not responding to health messages to abstain from SSB consumption
Characteristics of subjects by disease category.
<p>* Exercise category was defined as 1 for sedentary, 2 for moderately active, 3 for regular strenuous exercise and 4 for regular hard physical training.</p><p>Characteristics of subjects by disease category.</p