Combinando testes de Mardia e BHEP na avaliação duma hipótese multivariada de normalidade

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/den_1998_feb/1015/thumbnail.jp

Boundary kernels for distribution function estimation

Boundary effects for kernel estimators of curves with compact supports are well known in regression and density estimation frameworks. In this paper we address the use of boundary kernels for distribution function estimation. We establish the Chung-Smirnov law of iterated logarithm and an asymptotic expansion for the mean integrated squared error of the proposed estimator. These results show the superior theoretical performance of the boundary modified kernel estimator over the classical kernel estimator for distribution functions that are not smooth at the extreme points of the distribution support. The automatic selection of the bandwidth is also briefly discussed in this paper. Beta reference distribution and cross-validation bandwidth selectors are considered. Simulations suggest that the cross-validation bandwidth performs well, although the simpler reference distribution bandwidth is quite effective for the generality of test distributions

Boundary kernels for distribution function estimation

Boundary effects for kernel estimators of curves with compact supports are well known in regression and density estimation frameworks. In this paper we address the use of boundary kernels for distribution function estimation. We establish the Chung-Smirnov law of iterated logarithm and an asymptotic expansion for the mean integrated squared error of the proposed estimator. These results show the superior theoretical performance of the boundary modified kernel estimator over the classical kernel estimator for distribution functions that are not smooth at the extreme points of the distribution support. The automatic selection of the bandwidth is also briefly discussed in this paper. Beta reference distribution and cross-validation bandwidth selectors are considered. Simulations suggest that the cross-validation bandwidth performs well, although the simpler reference distribution bandwidth is quite effective for the generality of test distributions

Fourier methods for smooth distribution function estimation

In this paper we show how to use Fourier transform methods to analyze the asymptotic behavior of kernel distribution function estimators. Exact expressions for the mean integrated squared error in terms of the characteristic function of the distribution and the Fourier transform of the kernel are employed to obtain the limit value of the optimal bandwidth sequence in its greatest generality. The assumptions in our results are mild enough so that they are applicable when the kernel used in the estimator is a superkernel, or even the sinc kernel, and this allows to extract some interesting consequences, as the existence of a class of distributions for which the kernel estimator achieves a first-order improvement in efficiency over the empirical distribution function.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure

On the role played by the fixed bandwidth in the Bickel-Rosenblatt goodness-of-fit test

For the Bickel-Rosenblatt goodness-of-fit test with fixed bandwidth studied by Fan (1998) we derive its Bahadur exact slopes in a neighbourhood of a simple hypothesis f =f0 and we use them to get a better understanding on the role played by the smoothing parameter in the detection of departures from the null hypothesis. When f0 is a univariate normal distribution and we take for kernel the standard normal density function, we compute these slopes for a set of Edgeworth alternatives which give us a description of the test properties in terms of the bandwidth h. A simulation study is presented which indicates that finite sample properties are in good accordance with the theoretical properties based on Bahadur local efficiency. Comparisons with the quadratic classical EDF tests lead us to recommend a test based on a combination of bandwidths in alternative to Anderson-Darling or Cramér-von Mises tests.Per al contrast de bondat d'ajust de Bickel-Rosenblatt amb amplada de banda fixa, estudiat per Fan (1998), derivem la seva pendent exacta de Bahadur en un entorn d'una hipòtesi simple f = f0 i la utilitzem per obtenir un coneixement millor del paper del paràmetre suavitzador en la detecci'o de desviacions de la hipòtesi nul·la. Quan f0 és una distribució normal univariant i agafem com a nucli la funció de densitat de la normal estàndard, calculem aquestes pendents per a un conjunt d'alternatives de Edgeworth les quals ens donen una descripció de les propietats del contrast en termes de l'amplada de banda, h. Es presenta un estudi de simulació que indica que les propietats de les mostres finites estan d'acord amb les propietats teòriques basades en l'eficiència local de Bahadur. Comparacions amb els contrastos quadràtics EDF clàssics ens porten a recomanar un contrast basat en una combinació d'amplades de banda com alternativa als contrastos de Anderson-Darling o Cramér-Von Mises

Plan de Negocios para una planta dedicada al tratamiento cuarentenario de la fruticultura de exportacion en base a un acelerador de electrones

195 p.El plan de negocios para una planta dedicada al tratamiento cuarentenario de la fruticultura de exportación en base a un acelerador de electrones. El negocio de la exportación de productos hortofrutícola está siendo cada vez más regulado desde los países importadores. Dentro de estas regulaciones esta el Protocolo de Montreal, firmado y ratificado por Chile. Esto implica un calendario para la congelación, reducción y eliminación del uso del bromuro de metilo, gas considerado dañino para la salud humana e inhibidor de la capa de ozono. Este estudio toma irradiación de la fruta con energía ionizante producida con acelerador de electrones como alternativa al bromuro de metilo, centrándose en el tratamiento de la Uva de Mesa exportada a Estados Unidos y proyectando la construcción de dos plantas. Se realiza un estudio de mercado para determinar la demanda potencial por este servicio, que se calcula en 260 millones de kilogramos de Uva de Mesa y 350 millones de kilogramos de Otros productos. Estos últimos se incluyen en el proyecto básicamente para reducir la estacionalidad que implica la exportación de Uva de Mesa. El estudio continúa con la localización óptima para las instalaciones de irradiación. Estas son ubicadas en las cercanías de los puertos de Valparaíso y San Antonio para captar los envíos que salgan por barco hacia Estados Unidos. Luego, en este estudio, se proyecta la construcción de las plantas de irradiación. Estas plantas tienen una capacidad inicial de producción, en conjunto, de 288 mil pallets, unos 200 millones de kilogramos, en forma anual. Luego de dos años se propone una reinversión para aumentar esta capacidad al doble. La evaluación económica se realiza considerando distintos escenarios de financiamiento bancario y criterios de decisión como el valor actual neto (VAN), y la tasa interna de retorno (TIR). Además, se analiza la sensibilidad de estos criterios de acuerdo a la variación del precio del servicio. En todos los casos, el proyecto resulta ser rentable, con una TIR que varía entre 29% y 54% y un VAN entre $6.200 millones y$7200 millones. Las aplicaciones de la irradiación con energía ionizante no sólo se remiten al ámbito alimenticio. Sus usos van desde la esterilización de materiales quirúrgicos hasta la modificación de las propiedades físicas de los polímeros, abriendo un abanico de posibilidades para su uso

O sentido na rua, no meio do redemoinho : espessuras e sinfonia atravessada nos entremeios de coberturas telejornalisticas em torno do funeral de Mario Covas

Orientador: Monica Graciela Zoppi-FontanaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da LinguagemResumo: Falar de mídia é deparar-se com espaços institucionalizados e de institucionalização. Pensar o telejornalismo enquanto mídia constitui, desse modo, um grande desafio para o analista de discurso. Primeiro porque essa relação a priori tão ¿óbvia¿ é, no entanto, geradora de entremeios. Questões como objetividade e subjetividade, memória e esquecimento, pausa e movimento, verbal e não-verbal, completude e incompletude, fato social e imaginário social, vida e morte, encontram-se num jogo discursivo de legitimação no interior historicizado das formulações. Analisar aspectos materiais de coberturas telejornalísticas em torno do funeral de Mario Covas (Jornal da Band e Jornal Nacional), empreende um jogo que dá espessura a um meio de comunicação que se impõe como o detentor do fato. No entremeio desse jogo discursivo, isto é, no momento em que esses pontos a priori opostos se encontram nas encruzilhadas do discurso, a Análise de Discurso Francesa se torna dispositivo de escuta dessa sinfonia atravessada por tantas formulações e o olhar que se lança pelas espessuras dos sentidos, mostrando na imaginária completude do discurso jornalístico, espaços de incompletude; sentindo nas superfícies da morte dos sentidos batimentos e a circulação ininterrupta da significação, pois o discurso é vivo e há memória discursiva em sua materialidade, lugar onde encaramos um desfilar de rostos e gestos, em que a pausa dos sentidos é sempre posta em movimento, em açãoAbstract: Talking about media is to go across institutionalized and institutionalizing spaces. Thinking about TV newscast (telecast news) as media brings, in this way, a great challenge to the discourse analyst. Firstly, because this relation that seems so obvious is, in fact, a producer of insertion. Questions such as objectivity and subjectivity, memory and forgetfulness, pause and movement, verbal and non-verbal signs, fulfillness and gapness, social fact and imaginary representations, life and death, are met together in a legitimating discursive play historicized inside formulation. Analyzing material aspects of telecast news on Mario Covas¿ funeral (Jornal da Band and Jornal Nacional), constitutes a play that gives denseness to a communication mass media conceived as the facts detainee. In the insertion of this discursive play, i.e., in the moment that these points thought as oppositions meet in the discourse crossway, Discourse Analysis of one of the French conceptions becomes an apparatus that makes us hear the symphony that is crossed by many formulations and the looks that are performed throughout the denseness of senses, showing in the imaginary fulfillness of telecast news, some spaces in the incompleteness; feeling in the surfaces of death the beatings and the non-stop circulation of meaning, since discourse is alive and there is discourse memory in its materiality, a place where we can behold a parade of faces and gesticulations, where the pause of meanings is always put in movement, in actionMestradoMestre em Linguístic

Gothic, Gender and Regenerationism in Emilia Pardo Bazán's Galicia

This thesis investigates Emilia Pardo Bazán’s fiction predicated on the idea of a Galician regional Gothic deriving from elements of English literary tradition and nineteenth-century Spanish costumbrismo. While the recurrent use of Gothic elements in her literary output has been acknowledged and studied by a number of scholars, my investigation aims to shed some light on the reasons why this writer ultimately resorts to this genre. My first level of analysis concentrates on Gothic manifestations in nineteenth-century Spanish fiction, and how Pardo Bazán adopts this genre and adapts it to her Realist and Naturalist conventions. I maintain that the primary choice for the Gothic aesthetic responds to a necessity to portray the most basic features of Galician peculiarities – its distinctive landscape and its rural Volksgeist –. In this way, Edmund Burke’s contribution to the theorization of the Sublime reveals itself to be a satisfactory resource to Pardo Bazán, who was well familiarized with the concept. The use of Gothic elements equally functions as an instrument of social criticism to raise empathy for the backwardness that Galicia suffered during the last third of the nineteenth century. Thus, while addressing the issue of women’s subordination, the author develops distinctive narrative patterns frequently associated with the so-called Female Gothic. Meanwhile, the depictions of rural characters as savage, superstitious and ignorant indicate the author’s preoccupation with the psychological processes of the Gothic and the reactions among the reading public. In depicting the plight of rural Galicia, she is actually making her readers aware of the necessity to bring this region closer to modernity, that is, to Europe. My second level of analysis focuses on the psychological dimension of the Gothic. In the exploration of such motifs as hallucinations, nightmares, uncanny locations, or hysterical attacks, Pardo Bazán’s texts call for a psychoanalytic reinterpretation of these terms. If readers of Gothic fiction seek to decipher hidden meanings within texts, I will attempt to demonstrate that a psychoanalytic approach to Pardo Bazán’s use of Gothic fiction happens to be a necessary step to the better understanding of her work. Taking all this into account, this thesis will try to show that the use of Gothic devices Pardo Bazán employs are constant throughout her literary career and help her to describe the distinctive peculiarities of Galicia while functioning as a tool of social criticism

Acceptance criteria in a promotional tourism demarketing plan

In a nature-based demarketing tourism plan the elaboration of promotional products are very important to reach the goals of encourage and awareness tourists to the demarketing measures used. The elaboration of a promotional product involves, in part, a creative process, making the evaluation of the final product subjective and, therefore, compromising the acceptance criteria and the finalization of the project. This work presents a tool for a common issue addressed in promotional tourism demarketing plans: raising environmental awareness. This tool can help to objectivate its acceptance criteria, making the process of acceptance of the final product (the promotional tourism demarketing plan) more objective, predictable and simpler.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio