The Charity Market and Humanitarianism in Britain, 1870-1912

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is funded by Manchester University. This book examines the business of charity - including fundraising, marketing, branding, financial accountability and the nexus of benevolence, politics and capitalism - in Britain from the development of the British Red Cross in 1870 to 1912. Whilst most studies focus on the distribution of charity, Sarah Roddy, Julie-Marie Strange and Bertrand Taithe look at the roots of the modern third sector, exploring how charities appropriated features more readily associated with commercial enterprises in order to compete and obtain money, manage and account for that money and monetize compassion. Drawing on a wide range of archival research from Charity Organization Societies, Wood Street Mission, Salvation Army, League of Help and Jewish Soup Kitchen, among many others, The Charity Market and Humanitarianism in Britain, 1870-1912 sheds new light on the history of philanthropy in the Victorian and Edwardian periods

The Charity Market and Humanitarianism in Britain, 1870-1912

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is funded by Manchester University. This book examines the business of charity - including fundraising, marketing, branding, financial accountability and the nexus of benevolence, politics and capitalism - in Britain from the development of the British Red Cross in 1870 to 1912. Whilst most studies focus on the distribution of charity, Sarah Roddy, Julie-Marie Strange and Bertrand Taithe look at the roots of the modern third sector, exploring how charities appropriated features more readily associated with commercial enterprises in order to compete and obtain money, manage and account for that money and monetize compassion. Drawing on a wide range of archival research from Charity Organization Societies, Wood Street Mission, Salvation Army, League of Help and Jewish Soup Kitchen, among many others, The Charity Market and Humanitarianism in Britain, 1870-1912 sheds new light on the history of philanthropy in the Victorian and Edwardian periods

La famine de 1866-1868 : anatomie d’une catastrophe et construction médiatique d’un événement

Cet article montre comment une crise sanitaire et alimentaire en Algérie, entre 1866 et 1868, est perçue comme une « famine » et construite comme un « événement médiatique ». Il étudie d’abord les conditions de possibilité de cette crise et de cette dénomination de « famine », avant d’examiner la relation qui en est faite dans la presse contemporaine, métropolitaine et étrangère (notamment anglophone). Cette « médiatisation » utilisa des techniques tantôt traditionnelles, tantôt neuves. Elle érigea les « orphelins de la famine » en objets de compassion, et la liberté de culte en Algérie en objet de controverse politique. Les formes classiques d’appel à la charité ont été dépassées par de nouveaux mécanismes de représentation, reposant à la fois sur le sensationnel et sur l’altérité profonde des victimes. Plus généralement, la crise de 1866-1868 constitue une étape importante dans l’histoire du sentiment humanitaire.This article analyses how a series of sanitary and food supply crises were represented as a famine by the media towards the end of the Second Empire in France and in the English speaking world. The first section of the article considers the complex history of the crisis while the second section develops an analysis of the manner in which the events of Algeria were reported in the press in metropolitan France and abroad. This article argues that this ‘media’ campaign used new methods as well as established modes of representation and developed political themes such as apostolic freedom campaign in Algeria as well as new figures of compassion such as the orphans of the famine. New methods went beyond the usual methods of charitable fundraising to stress the sensational circumstances of the famine as well as the fundamental alterity of the victims. Finally the protagonists used more freely the terms humanitarian and humanitarianism, suggesting that this crisis plays a part in the history of humanitarianism.Dieser Artikel zeigt, wie eine Gesundheits- und Nahrungskrise in Algerien zwischen 1866 und 1868 als « Hungersnot » wahrgenommen und als Medienereignis konstruiert wurde. Zunächst werden die Bedingungen für diese Krise und die Bezeichnung als « Hungersnot » untersucht, bevor dann der Zusammenhang analysiert wird, der von der zeitgenössischen französischen und ausländischen (vor allem englischen) Presse hergestellt wurde. Für diese Mediatisierung wurden sowohl traditionelle wie auch neue Methoden genutzt. Die « Waisen der Hungersnot » wurden als Objekt des Mitleids und die Religionsfreiheit in Algerien als Objekt der politischen Kontroverse konstruiert. Die klassischen Wohltätigkeitsaufrufe wurden durch neue Darstellungsformen übertroffen, die gleichzeitig auf Sensation und auf die tiefgehende Alterität der Opfer abzielte. Darüber hinaus war die Krise von 1866-1868 eine wichtige Etappe in der Geschichte des humanitären Empfindens

A qualitative and quantitative study of the surgical and rehabilitation response to the earthquake in Haiti, January 2010

AbstractBackground: The disaster response environment in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake represented a complex healthcare challenge. This study was designed to identify challenges during the Haiti disaster response.Methods: Qualitative and quantitative study of injured patients carried out six months after the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti to review the surgical inputs of foreign medical teams.Results: Study findings revealed a need during the response for improved medical records and data gathering for regulation, quality assurance, coordination and resource allocation; wider adherence to standard patient referral mechanisms and protocols linking surgical service provision with appropriate hospital and community based rehabilitation services; a greater recognition of the impact of non-amputation injury, and the need for patients to have a greater say in their management and to be the keepers of their medical records. Key first steps to improving the international response are a minimum dataset and uniform reporting.Conclusion: This study showed that challenges for emergency medical response during the Haiti Earthquake involved issues of accountability, professional ethics, standards-of-care, unmet needs, patient agency and expected outcomes for patients in such settings:</jats:p

Expressing entitlement in colonial Algeria: villagers, medical doctors, and the state in the early 20th century

This article expands our understanding of state–society interactions in rural Algeria under French colonial rule, focusing specifically on villages in the eastern department of Constantine. I analyze previously unstudied administrative records, newspapers, petitions, and complaints to show how sanitary regulations and medical expertise came to shape relationships among villagers, local elites, and the colonial state from the early 20th century. Villagers responded to state-led medicalization by seeking the protection of medical doctors, not only from disease but also from the state itself. In particular, they sought to avoid heavy-handed treatment by qaʾids and local elites who applied disease control measures without appropriate medical knowledge. Furthermore, close examination of petitions sent during World War I suggests that hardships experienced by rural communities during the war accentuated nascent feelings of entitlement across demographic, ethnic, and religious communal boundaries toward state medical treatment

Relapses in Patients Treated with High-Dose Biotin for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

High-dose biotin (HDB) is a therapy used in non-active progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS). Several reports have suggested that HDB treatment may be associated with an increased risk of relapse. We aimed to determine whether HDB increases the risk of clinical relapse in PMS and describe the characteristics of the patients who experience it. We conducted a French, multicenter, retrospective study, comparing a group of PMS patients treated with HDB to a matched control group. Poisson regression was applied to model the specific statistical distribution of the annualized relapse rate (ARR). A propensity score (PS), based on the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), was used to adjust for indication bias and included the following variables: gender, primary PMS or not, age, EDSS, time since the last relapse, and co-prescription of a DMT. Two thousand six hundred twenty-eight patients treated with HDB and 654 controls were analyzed with a follow-up of 17 ± 8 months. Among them, 148 validated relapses were observed in the group treated with biotin and 38 in the control group (p = 0.62). After adjustment based on the PS, the ARR was 0.044 ± 0.23 for the biotin-treated group and 0.028 ± 0.16 for the control group (p = 0.18). The more relapses there were before biotin, the higher the risk of relapse during treatment, independently from the use of HDB. While the number of relapses reported for patients with no previous inflammatory activity receiving biotin has gradually increased, the present retrospective study is adequately powered to exclude an elevated risk of relapse for patients with PMS treated with HDB.Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaque

Increasing involvement of CAPN1 variants in spastic ataxias and phenotype-genotype correlations

Spastic ataxias are rare neurogenetic disorders involving spinocerebellar and pyramidal tracts. Many genes are involved. Among them, CAPN1, when mutated, is responsible for a complex inherited form of spastic paraplegia (SPG76). We report the largest published series of 21 novel patients with nine new CAPN1 disease-causing variants and their clinical characteristics from two European university hospitals (Paris and Stockholm). After a formal clinical examination, causative variants were identified by next-generation sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. CAPN1 variants are a rare cause (~ 1.4%) of young-adult-onset spastic ataxia; however, together with all published cases, they allowed us to better describe the clinical and genetic spectra of this form. Truncating variants are the most frequent, and missense variants lead to earlier age at onset in favor of an additional deleterious effect. Cerebellar ataxia with cerebellar atrophy, dysarthria and lower limb weakness are often associated with spasticity. We also suggest that cognitive impairment and depression should be assessed specifically in the follow-up of SPG76 cases.Identification of new causative genes in spinocerebellar degenerations by combination of whole genome scan, next-generation sequencing and biological validation in vitro and in vivoInfrastructure de Recherche Translationnelle pour les Biothérapies en NeurosciencesEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programm