Człowiek wobec zagrożeń, psychospołeczne uwarunkowania oceny i akceptacja ryzyka - recenzja

Warunkiem trafnego decydowania i sprawnego funkq'onowania w sy­tuacji ryzyka jest posiadanie wiedzy o jego naturze oraz pułapkach, ja­kie sami zastawiamy na siebie wskutek popełniania błędów w postrzeganiu zagrożeń, optymistycznego oceniania szansy powodzenia oraz nadmiernej koncentracji na wartości wyniku z pominięciem trudności i przeszkód w jego osiągnięciu. W innych przypadkach, stojąc u progu sukcesu, wskutek nierealistycznego pesymizmu i przesadnej oceny prawdopodobieństwa nie­powodzenia, nie podejmujemy aktywności mającej dużą szansę powo­dzenia. Tą zawiłą, skomplikowaną i niedostatecznie jeszcze zbadaną pro­blematykę postrzegania, oceny i akceptacji ryzyka przedstawiła Maryla Goszczyńska w książce Człowiek wobec zagrożeń..., w sposób interesujący i przystępny dla czytelników chcących wzbogacać swoją wiedzę psycholo­giczną[...

Nieśmiałość a funkcjonowanie w sytuacjach nie wymagających ekspozycji społecznej

Shyness is regarded as a trait which interferes with social functioning. In the presented re-search the attempt was made to check whether the consequences of shyness manifest themselves outside the domain of social interaction and are visible in self-evaluations of such qualities as resistance to stress, coping with risk, openness to experience and independence. Participants were 174 women and men aged between 18 and 23. Apart from shyness such variables were measured as: temperamental traits (EAS), personality traits (NEO-FFI), risk propensity, the need to change oneself and environment, locus of control, sensation seeking (SSS-V), self – esteem and five factors of learning autonomy. By means of standard multiple regression analysis it was shown that the contribution of tem-peramental traits in the prediction of shyness is not significantly different in comparison with the contribution of thee Big – Five personality traits. It was also found that shyness is positively correlated with the qualities which affect emotional instability level, i.e. with emotionality – fear, emotionality-distress and with neuroticism. Shyness proved to be negatively correlated with the traits affecting socio-centric behaviour such as sociability and extraversion. It was noticed that the influence of shyness my be transferred outside the social domain. Shy individuals in comparison with the bold ones judged themselves as less prone to take risks, more rarely exhibiting behaviors connected with self-creation and more rarely introducing changes in their environment. Shy persons compared with the bold ones evaluated themselves as having the sense of external locus of control, exhibiting stronger tendency to underestimate their self-esteem and being less open to new experiences and less autonomous in formulating learning goals, in planning their learning and evaluating the effectiveness of learning strategies

Przedsiębiorcze aspekty rozwoju organizacji i biznesu

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

Skłonność do ryzyka jako wskaźnik jakości biologiczne

Występuje wiele różnych przyczyn podejmowania ryzyka. Zazwyczaj są nimi chęć zaoszczędzenia czasu, zmniejszenia wysiłku lub zwiększenia osiąga­nych korzyści (Starr, 1969). Ludzie ryzykują również w następstwie moty­wacji wzbudzonej odczuwaną potrzebą stymulacji i nowości (S t r e l au, 1974; Z u c k e r m a n , 1979), względnie w sytuacji dążenia do realizacji celów transgresyjnych (Ko z ie le c ki , 1987). Istnieją również dowody pozwalające sądzić, że źródłem motywacji do zachowań ryzykownych jest facylitujący wpływ grupy (Blank, 1968). Hazardziści np. zawierają bardziej ryzykowne zakłady w obecności innych niż samotnie ( B r o c k n e r i in. 1981). W zbioro­wych decyzjach podejmowane jest większe ryzyko niż w indywidualnych (W il czy ńs ka , 1979). Ryzykowanie jest również zachowaniem autoprezen- tacyjnym (Lightfoot, 1997; L e a r y, 1999), motywowanym chęcią utrzyma­nia lub poprawienia wizerunku społecznego[..

Risk propensity, absent-mindedness and depression versus involvement in accidents

Relations between individual traits and frequency of causing accidents have been analyzed. On the basis of results from 465 women and 277 men it has been found that the causing of accidents correlates with risk propensity and with risk taking infl uenced by self-destructive motivation. Persons often causing accidents are also absent minded to a greater degree, and experience depressive moods more frequently than persons rarely involved in accidents

Shyness and self-evaluation of functioning in situations not requiring social exposition

Shyness is regarded as a trait which interferes with social functioning. In the presented research the attempt was made to check whether the consequences of shyness manifest themselves outside the domain of social interaction and are visible in self-evaluations of such qualities as resistance to stress, coping with risk, openness to experience and independence. Participants were 174 women and men aged between 18 and 23. Apart from shyness such variables were measured as: temperamental traits (EAS), personality traits (NEO-FFI), risk propensity, the need to change oneself and environment, locus of control, sensation seeking (SSS- V), self – esteem and five factors of learning autonomy. By means of standard multiple regression analysis it was shown that the contribution of temperamental traits in the prediction of shyness is not significantly different in comparison with the contribution of thee Big – Five personality traits. It was also found that shyness is positively correlated with the qualities which affect emotional instability level, i.e. with emotionality – fear, emotionality-distress and with neuroticism. Shyness proved to be negatively correlated with the traits affecting socio-centric behaviour such as sociability and extraversion. It was noticed that the influence of shyness my be transferred outside the social domain. Shy individuals in comparison with the bold ones judged themselves as less prone to take risks, more rarely exhibiting behaviors connected with self-creation and more rarely introducing changes in their environment. Shy persons compared with the bold ones evaluated themselves as having the sense of external locus of control, exhibiting stronger tendency to underestimate their self-esteem and being less open to new experiences and less autonomous in formulating learning goals, in planning their learning and evaluating the effectiveness of learning strategies

Risk propensity, absent-mindedness and depression versus involvement in accidents

Relations between individual traits and frequency of causing accidents have been analyzed. On the basis of results from 465 women and 277 men it has been found that the causing of accidents correlates with risk propensity and with risk taking infl uenced by self-destructive motivation. Persons often causing accidents are also absent minded to a greater degree, and experience depressive moods more frequently than persons rarely involved in accidents