Diagnose von Lesekompetenz aus Sicht von Lehrpersonen im Fach Deutsch

Die Studie zielt darauf, ein praxisnahes Verfahren zur Diagnose von Lesekompetenz zu erstellen. Wesentliches Entwicklungsprinzip ist dabei, die Perspektive(n) der Zielgruppe – Deutschlehrkräfte der Sekundarstufe I – von Anfang an in den Prozess einzubinden. Durch die dokumentarische Auswertung von problemzentrierten Interviews wird rekonstruiert, welche Sichtweisen die Lehrkräfte auf das Gegenstandsfeld haben und wie diese das Diagnoseverfahren nach der Erprobung im Unterricht bewerten. Zentrales Ergebnis der Studie ist ein Diagnosetool, das in einem zyklischen Prozess entwickelt, erprobt und elaboriert wurde. Mit der Idee einer „dritten Sprache" zeigt die Studie zudem neue Kommunikationsstrategien zur Förderung des Dialoges zwischen Fachdidaktik und den Akteuren im Praxisfeld auf

An informelles Filmwissen anknüpfen! Empirische Befunde zum Spielfilmverstehen von Schülerinnen und Schülern

Der Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse einer qualitativen empirischen Studie vor, in welcher die Verstehensprozesse von Lernenden nach der Erstrezeption des Films „Krabat“ (Kreuzpaintner 2008) untersucht wurden. Als zentrale Erhebungsmethode wurden Filmgespräche mit Schülerinnen und Schülern des 6. und 7. Gymnasialjahrgangs (N=18) geführt. Die vorgelegte Datenanalyse fokussiert auf die informellen Wissensbestände, die die Lernenden in den Filmgesprächen aktivieren, und geht insbesondere der Frage nach, wie diese Wissensbestände zur Analyse und Wertung des Films produktiv gemacht werden. Es zeigt sich, dass die Schülerinnen und Schüler über durchaus beachtliches informelles Filmwissen verfügen, welches sie sich i. d. R. induktiv und eher unbewusst in der außerschulischen Medienrezeption angeeignet haben. Dieses Wissen erweist sich für das Filmverstehen als ertragreich, wenngleich es aus fachdidaktischer Sicht auch noch weiter auszudifferenzieren ist. Die Autorinnen plädieren dafür, das informelle Filmwissen der Lernenden als Basis für die Ausbildung filmbezogener Kompetenzen zu nutzen. (DIPF/Orig.

Increased Platelet Counts after Transthoracic En Bloc Resection for Esophageal Cancer is Associated with Significantly Improved Survival

Background: We analyzed perioperative platelet counts as a potential clinical marker for survival after transthoracic en bloc resection for esophageal cancer. Recent data described preoperative thrombocytosis in malignancies to be associated with poor prognosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis from a prospective database (1997-2006) was performed for 291 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer who underwent transthoracic en bloc esophagectomy and extended lymphadenectomy. Squamous cell cancer was found in 47.0% and adenocarcinoma in 50.9% (2.1% had rare histologies). Neoadjuvant chemoradiation was performed in 152 (52%) patients. Platelet counts before surgery and on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 10, and 30 were evaluated. We used the published cutoff value of 293×109/l (mean of 80 healthy controls±standard deviation) for platelet counts. Results: High platelet counts before surgery missed significance for poorer survival (p=0.054). Following a perioperative fall in thrombocytes, a significant rise at POD 10 after surgery was evident. Platelet counts of more than 293×109/l at this time correlated with a significantly improved survival rate (p=0.027). Patients with no increase in thrombocytes until POD 10 had significantly poorer survival (p=0.012). Multivariate analysis confirmed that a thrombocyte increase between the preoperative count and that on POD 10 is an independent prognostic indicator (p=0.035) for patients with completely (R0) resected tumors. Conclusions: An increase in platelet counts measured on POD 10 following transthoracic en bloc esophagectomy and extended lymphadenectomy is an independent prognostic indicator for improved survival in patients with esophageal cance

Studies on the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the synthetic opioids U-51754, U-47931E, and methoxyacetylfentanyl using hyphenated high-resolution mass spectrometry

New Synthetic Opioids (NSOs) are one class of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) enjoying increasing popularity in Europe. Data on their toxicological or metabolic properties have not yet been published for most of them. In this context, the metabolic fate of three NSOs, namely, trans-3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-benzenacetamide (U-51754), trans-4-bromo-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-benzamide (U-47931E), and 2-methoxy-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl] acetamide (methoxyacetylfentanyl), was elucidated by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry after pooled human S9 fraction (phS9) incubations and in rat urine after oral administration. The following major reactions were observed: demethylation of the amine moiety for U-51754 and U-47931E, N-hydroxylation of the hexyl ring, and combinations thereof. N-dealkylation, O-demethylation, and hydroxylation at the alkyl part for methoxyacetylfentanyl. Except for U-47931E, parent compounds could only be found in trace amounts in rat urine. Therefore, urinary markers should preferably be metabolites, namely, the N-demethyl-hydroxy and the hydroxy metabolite for U-51754, the N-demethylated metabolite for U-47931E, and the N-dealkylated metabolite as well as the O-demethylated one for methoxyacetylfentanyl. In general, metabolite formation was comparable in vitro and in vivo, but fewer metabolites, particularly those after multiple reaction steps and phase II conjugates, were found in phS9. These results were consistent with those of comparable compounds obtained from human liver microsomes, human hepatocytes, and/or human case studies

Are the N-demethylated metabolites of U-47700 more active than their parent compound? In vitro μ-opioid receptor activation of N-desmethyl-U-47700 and N,N-bisdesmethyl-U-47700

Studies on the tissue distribution of the new synthetic opioid U-47700 and its main metabolite N-desmethyl-U-47700 revealed about sixfold higher metabolite concentrations in pig brain as compared with the parent compound. To better assess the toxic potential of this drug, the aim of this study was to assess the in vitro μ-opioid receptor (MOR) activation potential of the main metabolites of U-47700, Ndesmethyl-U-47700, and N,N-bisdesmethyl-U-47700, using a live cell-based reporter assay based on NanoLuc Binary Technology®. Cells stably expressing human MOR and β-arrestin 2 (βarr2), each fused via a flexible linker to two complementary inactive subunits of the nanoluciferase, were seeded on poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well plates and treated with N-desmethyl-U-47700, N,N-bisdesmethyl-U-47700, U-47700, or hydromorphone as reference standard. MOR activation results in functional complementation of the nanoluciferase, which can be assessed via luminescence monitoring. The potency of the metabolites is lower than that of U-47700 (EC50 of 186 nM for U-47700, 3770 nM for N-desmethyl-U-47700, and >5 μM for N,N-bisdesmethylU-47700). The maximal efficacy (Emax) observed (relative to hydromorphone, set arbitrarily at 100%) decreased from 183% to 127% and 39.2% for U-47700, N-desmethyl-U-47700, and N,N-bisdesmethyl-U-47700, respectively. Thus, the loss of one or two methyl groups reduced the MOR activation potential, which was more pronounced if both methyl groups were removed. It is thus anticipated that the impact on MOR exerted by the higher metabolite concentration in brain has only little—if any relevance for the strong toxic effects of U-47700

Leukocyte Depletion in Allogeneic Blood Transfusion Does Not Change the Negative Influence on Survival Following Transthoracic Resection for Esophageal Cancer

Background: Perioperative transfusion of allogeneic blood has been hypothesized to have an immunomodulatory effect and influence survival in several cancer types. This study evaluates the association between receipt of leucocyte-depleted and non-depleted allogeneic blood and survival following esophagectomy for cancer. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed including 291 patients with esophageal cancers who underwent transthoracic en bloc esophagectomy and extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation was administered in 152 (52.2%) patients. Perioperative blood transfusions were quantified and the potential prognostic cutoff for transfused units was calculated according to LeBlanc. Results: The median number of perioperative blood transfusions was 2 (0-24), and 106 patients (36.4%) received no transfusions. Patients with one or less blood transfusion showed a significantly improved survival compared to patients receiving more than one unit (p < 0.009). In multivariate analysis, blood transfusion categories showed significance (p < 0.015) next to pT, pN, pM category, and residual tumor categories (R-categories). Separate analysis of 183 patients treated after the mandatory introduction of leukocyte-depleted blood transfusions detected a strong tendency, but no significant difference in survival for patients getting one or less or more than one transfusion (p = 0.056). Receipt of leukocyte-depleted versus non-depleted units, however, had no influence on survival (p = 0.766). Conclusions: The need for perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions is significantly associated with poorer survival following resection for esophageal cancer by univariate and multivariate analysis. Our data suggest that the reduction of leukocytes in allogeneic transfusions is not sufficient to overcome the negative influence on surviva

The Janthinobacterium sp. HH01 genome encodes a homologue of the V. cholerae CqsA and L. pneumophila LqsA autoinducer synthases

Janthinobacteria commonly form biofilms on eukaryotic hosts and are known to synthesize antibacterial and antifungal compounds. Janthinobacterium sp. HH01 was recently isolated from an aquatic environment and its genome sequence was established. The genome consists of a single chromosome and reveals a size of 7.10 Mb, being the largest janthinobacterial genome so far known. Approximately 80% of the 5,980 coding sequences (CDSs) present in the HH01 genome could be assigned putative functions. The genome encodes a wealth of secretory functions and several large clusters for polyketide biosynthesis. HH01 also encodes a remarkable number of proteins involved in resistance to drugs or heavy metals. Interestingly, the genome of HH01 apparently lacks the N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent signaling system and the AI-2-dependent quorum sensing regulatory circuit. Instead it encodes a homologue of the Legionella- and Vibrio-like autoinducer (lqsA/cqsA) synthase gene which we designated jqsA. The jqsA gene is linked to a cognate sensor kinase (jqsS) which is flanked by the response regulator jqsR. Here we show that a jqsA deletion has strong impact on the violacein biosynthesis in Janthinobacterium sp. HH01 and that a jqsA deletion mutant can be functionally complemented with the V. cholerae cqsA and the L. pneumophila lqsA genes

Comparison of in vitro and in vivo models for the elucidation of metabolic patterns of 7-azaindole-derived synthetic cannabinoids exemplified using cumyl-5F-P7AICA

Due to the dynamic market involving synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), the determination of analytical targets is challenging in clinical and forensic toxicology. SCs usually undergo extensive metabolism, and therefore their main metabolites must be identified for the detection in biological matrices, particularly in urine. Controlled human studies are usually not possible for ethical reasons; thus, alternative models must be used. The aim of this work was to predict the in vitro and in vivo metabolic patterns of 7‐azaindole‐derived SCs using 1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐N‐(2‐phenylpropan‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrollo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐carboxamide (cumyl‐5F‐P7AICA) as an example. Different in vitro (pooled human liver S9 fraction, pooled human liver microsomes, and pig liver microsomes) and in vivo (rat and pig) systems were compared. Monooxygenase isoenzymes responsible for the most abundant phase I steps, namely oxidative defluorination (OF) followed by carboxylation, monohydroxylation, and ketone formation, were identified. In both in vivo models, OF/carboxylation and N‐dealkylation/monohydroxylation/sulfation could be detected. Regarding pHS9 and pig urine, monohydroxylation/sulfation or glucuronidation was also abundant. Furthermore, the parent compound could still be detected in all models. Initial monooxygenase activity screening revealed the involvement of CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5. Therefore, in addition to the parent compound, the OF/carboxylated and monohydroxylated (and sulfated or glucuronidated) metabolites can be recommended as urinary targets. In comparison to literature, the pig model predicts best the human metabolic pattern of cumyl‐5F‐P7AICA. Furthermore, the pig model should be suitable to mirror the time‐dependent excretion pattern of parent compounds and metabolites