Encuesta sobre la conservación y el uso de los recursos genéticos forestales en América Latina

Con el fin de conocer el estado de conservación y uso de los recursos genéticos forestales en América Latina, se realizó en 2006 una encuesta en línea entre personas vinculadas a instituciones de sector forestal. La mayoría de los encuestados trabaja en forestería, agroforestería y capacitación de recurso humano, en instituciones nacionales, del estado y universidades. La investigación es local y se enfoca en el desarrollo de sistemas agroforestales, y ensayos de producción y propagación de especies. La falta de recursos financieros, la ausencia de políticas y el no reconocimiento de la importancia de los recursos genéticos forestales fueron los principales problemas identificados. Según los encuestados, es necesario priorizar áreas de trabajo y especies de interés común para los países, y trabajar colaborativamente para optimizar los esfuerzos. También hacen falta medios para obtener información y para comunicarse entre pares, por lo cual sugieren crear una red regional de especialistas

Manual de capacitación en análisis espacial de diversidad y distribución de plantas

Como parte de su programa de fortalecimiento de capacidades y como resultado de estudios previos, Bioversity ha publicado un manual de entrenamiento para hacer análisis espacial de diversidad y distribución con herramientas de SIG, dirigido a estudiantes y profesionales que requieran analizar la biodiversidad y para facilitar la toma de decisiones. El manual se centra en plantas que las comunidades utilizan para su sustento (incluyendo cultivos, árboles y parientes silvestres), aunque los tipos de análisis que se introducen también se pueden aplicar a otros organismos como animales. El manual, disponible en inglés y español y próximamente en francés, se divide en seis capítulos agrupados en dos secciones. En la primera parte se introducen los programas y elementos para hacer los análisis y se explica cómo importar los datos. En la segunda parte se explica, paso a paso y con ejemplos, cómo hacer los análisis apoyándose en los programas disponibles y en datos de presencia de especies, y de caracterización morfológica y molecular. Los conjuntos de datos sobre las especies provienen de ejemplos de la vida real. Antes de utilizar el manual, el usuario debe descargar los datos relevantes para cada ejercicio, disponibles aquí abajo: single file 2.1 Importing observation data5.2 Diversity - Phenotypic data2.2 Importing climate data5.3 Diversity - Molecular marker data3.1 Basic elements5.4 Conservation strategies3.2 Export to Google Earth6.1 Realized niche4.1 Quality control – Administrative units6.2 Potential distribution4.2 Quality control – Atypical points6.3 Climate change5.1 Species diversity6.4 Gap analysis El manual se puede usar para auto aprendizaje o para eventos de formación, sean éstos cursos cortos o seminarios para aprender sobre los fundamentos del análisis espacial. Para más información, ver:Mapping the ecogeographic distribution of biodiversity and GIS tools for plant germplasm collector

Manuel de formation à l’analyse spatiale de la diversité et de la distribution des plantes

Ce manuel de formation est destiné aux chercheurs et étudiants qui travaillent avec des données sur la biodiversité et qui souhaitent développer des compétences pour mener à bien des analyses spatiales basées sur des applications SIG (gratuites) qui mettent l’accent sur les analyses écologiques et de la biodiversité. Ces analyses offrent une meilleure compréhension de la répartition spatiale de la diversité et de la distribution des plantes, contribuant ainsi à améliorer les efforts de conservation. Le manuel de formation se concentre sur les plantes d'intérêt permettant d’améliorer les moyens de subsistance (par exemple des cultures de bases, des arbres et des plantes sauvages apparentées) et / ou celles qui sont en voie de disparition. Les analyses spatiales de la diversité inter- et intra-spécifique sont expliquées en utilisant différents types de données: présence des espècesdonnées de caractérisation morphologiquedonnées moléculaires Bien que cette formation se concentre sur la diversité végétale, la plupart des types d'analyses décrits peuvent également être appliqués à d'autres organismes tels que les animaux et les champignons. Le manuel est basé sur des exercices spécifiques, utilisant les données de projets réelles. Pour utiliser pleinement le manuel, vous aurez besoin de télécharger les données pertinentes correspondant aux exercices (énumérés ci-dessous). Télécharger les données de l'exercice en un seul fichier (qui, par décompression, crée les différents dossiers utilisés dans le manuel): Seul fichier 2.1 Importation de données d'observation 5.2 Diversité - données phénotypiques 2.2 Importation de données climatiques 5.3 Diversité - données des marqueurs moléculaires 3.1 Eléments de base 5.4 Stratégies de conservation 3.2 Exporter vers Google Earth 6.1 Niche effective 4.1 Contrôle qualité - unités administratives 6.2 Distribution potentielle 4.2 Contrôle qualité - points atypiques 6.3 Changement climatique 5.1 Diversité des espèces 6.4 Analyse des lacunes Le manuel peut être utilisé pour l'auto-apprentissage ainsi que pour des activités de formation telles que des séminaires ou des cours de courte durée sur les aspects fondamentaux de l'analyse spatiale. Pour ens savoir plus:Mapping the ecogeographic distribution of biodiversity and GIS tools for plant germplasm collector

Tree genetic resources at risk in South America: A spatial threat assessment to prioritize populations for conservation

Background Humans threat the populations of tree species by overexploitation, deforestation, land use change, and climate change. We present a novel threat assessment at intraspecific level to support the conservation of genetic resources of 80 socioeconomically viable tree species in South America. In this assessment, we evaluate the threat status of Ecogeographic Range Segments (ERSs). ERSs are groups of populations of a specific species in a certain ecological zone of a particular grid cell of a species’ geographic occupancy. Methods We used species location records to determine the species distributions and species‐specific ERSs. We distinguished eight threat situations to assess the risk of extirpation of the ERSs of all 80 species. These threat situations were determined by large or little tree cover, low or high human pressure, and low or high climate change impact. Available layers of tree cover and threats were used to determine the levels of fragmentation and direct human pressure. Maxent niche modelling with two Global Circulation Models helped determining climate change impact by the 2050s. Results When all 80 species are considered, in total, 59% of the ERSs are threatened by little tree cover or high human pressure. When climate change is also considered, then 71‐73% of the ERSs are threatened. When an increased risk of extirpation of populations outside protected areas is considered, then 84–86% of the ERSs are threatened. Seven species warrant special attention because all their ERSs are threatened across their whole distribution in South America: Balfourondendron riedelianum, Cariniana legalis, Dalbergia nigra, Handroanthus pulcherrimus, Pachira quintana, Prosopis flexuosa, and Prosopis pallida. Conclusions Our results confirm the urgency to set up a regional action plan for the conservation of tree genetic resources in South America. With this threat assessment, we aim to support governments and organizations who are taking up this task

Mapping Genetic Diversity of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.): Application of Spatial Analysis for Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources

There is a growing call for inventories that evaluate geographic patterns in diversity of plant genetic resources maintained on farm and in species' natural populations in order to enhance their use and conservation. Such evaluations are relevant for useful tropical and subtropical tree species, as many of these species are still undomesticated, or in incipient stages of domestication and local populations can offer yet-unknown traits of high value to further domestication. For many outcrossing species, such as most trees, inbreeding depression can be an issue, and genetic diversity is important to sustain local production. Diversity is also crucial for species to adapt to environmental changes. This paper explores the possibilities of incorporating molecular marker data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to allow visualization and better understanding of spatial patterns of genetic diversity as a key input to optimize conservation and use of plant genetic resources, based on a case study of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), a Neotropical fruit tree species. We present spatial analyses to (1) improve the understanding of spatial distribution of genetic diversity of cherimoya natural stands and cultivated trees in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru based on microsatellite molecular markers (SSRs); and (2) formulate optimal conservation strategies by revealing priority areas for in situ conservation, and identifying existing diversity gaps in ex situ collections. We found high levels of allelic richness, locally common alleles and expected heterozygosity in cherimoya's putative centre of origin, southern Ecuador and northern Peru, whereas levels of diversity in southern Peru and especially in Bolivia were significantly lower. The application of GIS on a large microsatellite dataset allows a more detailed prioritization of areas for in situ conservation and targeted collection across the Andean distribution range of cherimoya than previous studies could do, i.e. at province and department level in Ecuador and Peru, respectively

Distribution, diversity and environmental adaptation of highland papaya (Vasconcellea spp.) in tropical and subtropical America

Vasconcellea species, often referred to as highland papayas, consist of a group of fruit species that are closely related to the common papaya (Carica papaya). The genus deserves special attention as a number of species show potential as raw material in the tropical fruit industry, fresh or in processed products, or as genetic resources in papaya breeding programs. Some species show a very restricted distribution and are included in the IUCN Red List. This study on Vasconcellea distribution and diversity compiled collection data from five Vasconcellea projects and retrieved data from 62 herbaria, resulting in a total of 1,553 georeferenced collection sites, in 16 countries, including all 21 currently known Vasconcellea species. Spatial analysis of species richness clearly shows that Ecuador, Colombia and Peru are areas of high Vasconcellea diversity. Combination of species occurrence data with climatic data delimitates the potential distribution of each species and allows the modeling of potential richness at continent level. Based on these modeled richness maps, Ecuador appears to be the country with the highest potential Vasconcellea diversity. Despite differences in sampling densities, its neighboring countries, Peru and Colombia, possess high modeled species richness as well. A combination of observed richness maps and modeled potential richness maps makes it possible to identify important collection gaps. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of climate data at the collection sites allows us to define climatic preferences and adaptability of the different Vasconcellea species and to compare them with those of the common papaya

A strategy to obtain axenic cultures of Arthrospira spp. cyanobacteria

A strategy to obtain axenic cultures of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp. (‘platensis’) Lefevre 1963/M-132-1 strain, consisting of a series of physical and chemical procedures, and the application of an optimized pool of antibiotics, is described in this paper. This strategy, which is an inexpensive and fast way to obtain axenic cultures, can be applied to Arthrospira spp. from culture collections or samples from their natural habitats to eliminate a wide spectrum of contaminants. A high alkaline treatment (pH 12, using KOH) of 72 h is a determinant initial procedure applied to eliminate protozoa and Microcystis sp. Bacteria were eliminated by an optimal antibiotic pool treatment, and Chroococcus sp. residuals were discarded by serial dilution. Optimal concentrations of the antibiotics composing the pool were obtained by a 24 factorial central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), resulting in: ampicillin 61.6 μg/ml, penicillin 85.8 μg/ml, cefoxitin 76.9 μg/ml, and meropenem 38.9 μg/ml. The results also indicate that cefoxitin was the most effective antibiotic of this pool. After obtaining the axenic culture, identification of Lefevre 1963/M-132-1 strain was performed using amplification and sequencing of the ITS region (including part of 16S rRNA, tRNA Ile, ITS, tRNA Ala and part of 23S rRNA region) and fatty acid composition data. Data base comparison revealed that Lefevre strain is closely related to A. platensis species (99% identity), while fatty acid composition data suggested A. maxima. These seemingly contradictory results are discussed