Brazilian trade policy: a successful model impacting the role of developing countries withing the World Trade Organization

Our world economy is constantly changing and within the process, new market players have started emerging and transforming international trade relations. Furthermore, multilateral organizations have become more important than ever for developed and developing countries as common forums to discuss international treaties and to resolve trade disputes. Within this context, Brazil in particular has experienced a positive transformation of its economy during the last 40 years, and has now become a new economic power guiding emerging economies in their strategic use of the international trade legal system. This study analyzes three particular issues that are common to developing countries within the World Trade Organization (WTO): agricultural subsidies, anti-dumping, and the TRIPS Agreement, with a particular focus on the negotiation process with developed countries and the various outcomes obtained. The study illustrates Brazil’s influence on the role of the developing countries in light of each of the common issues examined, by presenting examples of trade disputes taken before the WTO where Brazil has had direct participation and obtained a positive result. This paper argues that the WTO continues to be an agent for economic development given its platform to provide the third world with the opportunity to both discuss trade agreements at an international level, and to participate in a neutral system for trade dispute settlement. In addition, this paper recognizes that the WTO remains a strategic option to influence global international trade as with the example of Brazil. While this study highlights the fact that Brazil has achieved particular milestones on its own and as a result has helped develop the role of emerging economies within the international trade arena, it also emphasizes the need for each of the developing countries to confront their own specific challenges in order to realize economic development, as Brazil did. Brazil has been and can be a great example for the developing world within the WTO framework, but it certainly is not the only solution to all developing world problems

Redress for dark patterns privacy harms?:A case study on consent interactions

nternet users are constantly subjected to incessant demands for attention in a noisy digital world. Countless inputs compete for the chance to be clicked, to be seen, and to be interacted with, and they can deploy tactics that take advantage of behavioral psychology to 'nudge' users into doing what they want. Some nudges are benign; others deceive, steer, or manipulate users, as the U.S. FTC Commissioner says, "into behavior that is profitable for an online service, but often harmful to [us] or contrary to [our] intent". These tactics are dark patterns, which are manipulative and deceptive interface designs used at-scale in more than ten percent of global shopping websites and more than ninety-five percent of the most popular apps in online services. Literature discusses several types of harms caused by dark patterns that includes harms of a material nature, such as financial harms, or anticompetitive issues, as well as harms of a non-material nature, such as privacy invasion, time loss, addiction, cognitive burdens, loss of autonomy, and emotional or psychological distress. Through a comprehensive literature review of this scholarship and case law analysis conducted by our interdisciplinary team of HCI and legal scholars, this paper investigates whether harms caused by such dark patterns could give rise to redress for individuals subject to dark pattern practices using consent interactions and the GDPR consent requirements as a case study

Síntesis asimétrica de Lennoxamina

46 p.La obtención de mezclas racémicas en la síntesis de diversos fármacos en décadas anteriores era muy común, sin embargo en la actualidad se busca la síntesis de un solo enantiómero, ya que las regulaciones actuales exigen la evaluación de ambos enantiómeros para que puedan ser comercializados como fármacos. Las ventajas de obtener un enantiómero puro son la disminución de la dosis en algunos casos, la reducción de las variaciones farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, y disminución de la toxicidad que puede producir el enantiómero menos activo.La Lennoxamina es una isoindolobenzazeina alcaloide asilada a partir del Berberis darwinii. Por su estructura formada por anillos tetracíclicos fusionados a un resto aromático esta molécula ha despertado un gran interés en su obtención, ya que su estructura le permite tener diversidad en su actividad biológica como fármaco antihipertensivo, antileucémico, antiviral, entre otros. En el presente trabajo se abordó una nueva ruta para la síntesis enantioselectiva de (-)- Lennoxamina, empleándose en la etapa de hidrogenación asimétrica un nuevo catalizador formado por un complejo de Rutenio con L-prolina-tetrazol como ligando quiral. La ruta sintética permitió obtener (-)-Lennoxamina en 11 etapas con un rendimiento total de 17.9% y con elevado %ee exceso enantiomético

Escolhas e vivências dos colonos no processo de modernização do campo: Forquilhinha - décadas de 60 e 70

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História.O presente trabalho busca analisar a constituição dos colonos no processo de modernização do campo ocorrido durante as décadas de 60 e 70 em Forquilhinha, na região Sul do Estado de Santa Catarina

Ethical aspects in the prescription of drugs for the dependents of pharmacies

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la prescripción de medicamentos para los dependientes de las farmacias. El problema consiste en la venta de medicamentos sin receta médica. La población estaba constituida por 255 dependientes de farmacias de cinco provincias ecuatorianas (Manabí, Guayas, Pichincha, El Oro y Loja). La validez del instrumento se llevó a cabo mediante una encuesta y la opinión de expertos, compuesta por un grupo multidisciplinario de 12 profesionales de la salud. Los resultados obtenidos llegaron a 243 farmacias (54,32%) en las que no preguntaron sobre el antecedente de salud del paciente, y 110 (49,5%) prescribieron una dosis errónea. Se puede afirmar que la venta irresponsable de medicamentos, para los dependientes de las farmacias, así como la automedicación, traen resultados nocivos para la salud del paciente. La formación profesional y la práctica de valores morales éticos para los dependientes de las farmacias, evitarán posibles deterioros en la salud de los pacientes.The present work aims at evaluating the prescription of drugs for the dependents of pharmacies. The problem consists in the sale of drugs without medical prescription. The population was constituted by 255 dependents of pharmacies of five Ecuadorian provinces (Manabí, Guayas, Pichincha, El Oro and Loja). The validity of the instrument was carried out by means of survey and experts’ opinion, composed of a multi-disciplinary group of 12 health professionals. The obtained results arrived at 243 pharmacies (54.32%) did not ask about the patient health antecedent, and 110 (49.5%) prescribed mistaken dosage. It can be stated that the irresponsible sale of medication, for the dependents of pharmacies, as well as auto-medication, bring noxious outcome for the patient's health. The professional training and the practice of ethical moral values to the dependents of pharmacies, will avoid possible deteriorations in patients' health

Prevalencia de Vaginosis bacteriana en trabajadoras sexuales atendidas en el Centro Especializado de Vigilancia Centinela para infecciones de transmisión sexual de la Unidad Comunitaria de Salud Familiar Zoila Esperanza Turcios de Jiménez, departamento de La Unión. año 2017

La vaginosis bacteriana es una infección que ocurre en las mujeres, donde el equilibrio de la microbiota bacteriana normal en la vagina se ve alterado y en su lugar otras bacterias crecen de manera excesiva. La investigación se realizó con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana en trabajadoras sexuales que fueron atendidas en el Centro Especializado de Vigilancia Centinela para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (VICITS) de la Unidad Comunitaria de Salud Familiar Zoila Esperanza Turcios de Jiménez, en el departamento de La Unión, en los meses de junio a julio del año 2017. La metodología del estudio fue de tipo Prospectivo, Transversal, Descriptivo y de Laboratorio, para lo cual se analizaron las muestras de secreción vaginal de 30 usuarias a las que se les realizó un examen directo al fresco, un frotis coloreado con Gram y el reporte utilizando el método de puntaje de Nugent, para determinar vaginosis bacteriana. Resultados: el número de casos positivos, entre el total de la población estudiada en el período de junio a julio del año 2017, fue de un porcentaje de 86.7% casos positivos para vaginosis bacteriana, así mismo se reportó el 10% de casos intermedio para vaginosis bacteriana en donde se presenta un discreto aumento del pH vaginal, escasas células guías y un leve olor a pescado, por último 3.3% de casos negativo para vaginosis bacteriana. Conclusiones: según los resultados obtenidos en el reporte utilizando el criterio de conteo Nugent, la prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana es representada por el 86.7%, siendo un porcentaje alto con respecto al planteado de la hipótesis de trabajo que equivale al 50%; por lo que se sugiere la implementación de medidas que conduzcan a su control

Metodologia para determinação de campanha de ensaios de caracterização geotécnica e geofísica de aterros de resíduos sólidos para fins de remediação a partir do estudo de caso do aterro controlado do Jóquei Clube de Brasília

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2019.De acordo com a Associação Internacional de Resíduos Sólidos- ISWA (2016), as disposições irregulares de resíduos (aterros controlados e lixões) representam as maiores fontes de poluição de ar, solo e águas do planeta. Conforme relatório recente da Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos EspeciaisABRELPE (2017), em torno de 40% dos resíduos gerados no Brasil ainda não seguem o padrão disposto na lei. O segundo maior lixão do mundo, estudo de caso da presente pesquisa, se encontra na capital do Brasil- o Aterro Controlado do Jóquei Clube de Brasília (Aterro JCB) e foi fechado no começo do ano de 2018. O objetivo deste trabalho é, a partir da bibliografia analisada- 76 trabalhos, definir uma metodologia de ensaios de maior relevância para a caracterização geotécnica, geofísica e de resíduos de uma área de deposição de resíduos. Segundo a análise realizada, estabeleceram-se como prioritários os ensaios geotécnicos de: classificação do solo, permeabilidade, granulometria, massa específica dos grãos, limites de Atterberg, porosidade, curva característica, teor de umidade, resistência ao cisalhamento, grau de saturação, pH, concentração de metais, concentração de nutrientes, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca catiônica, concentração de contaminantes e Eh. Dentre os ensaios de resíduos destacaram-se: gravimetria, umidade, densidade, monitoramento de recalques, compressibilidade, condutividade elétrica, resistência ao cisalhamento, poder calorífico, pH, concentração de metais, lixiviação, gases, matéria orgânica e controle de temperatura. Para os geofísicos foram escolhidos: eletrorresistividade, radar de penetração, eletromagnético e sísmica. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida de forma direcionada ao estudo de caso do Aterro JCB, de modo que foi possível, ao final, aplicar a metodologia na região. Para isso, foram gerados mapas com as áreas em que ainda não haviam sido realizadas coletas por trabalhos anteriores, definidas como locais prioritários para ensaios futuros e foram contabilizados os ensaios necessários para o local.According to the International Association of Solid Waste - ISWA (2016), irregular waste disposal are the largest sources of air, soil and water pollution on the planet. According to a recent report of the Brazilian Association of Public Cleaning and Special Waste Companies- ABRELPE (2017), around 40% of generated waste in Brazil still does not follow the standard established by law. The second largest inadequate landfill in the world, study case of the present research, is located in the Brazilian capital - Controlled Landfill of Brasilia Jockey Club (Landfill BJC) and was closed at the beginning of the year 2018. The objective of this work is, from the bibliografic research-76 studies, defines a methodology of greater relevance tests for geotechnical, geophysical and waste characterization of a waste disposal area. According to the analysis made, the geotechnical tests defined as priority were: soil classification, permeability, particle size, grain specific gravity, Atterberg limits, porosity, characteristic curve, moisture content, shear strength, degree of saturation, pH, metal concentration, concentration of nutrients, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, concentration of contaminants and Eh. For the waste caracterization it were chosen: gravimetry, moisture, density, pressure monitoring, compressibility, electrical conductivity, shear strength, calorific value, pH, metal concentration, leaching, gases, organic matter and temperature control were among the most important. For the geophysicists were chosen: electroresistivity, penetration radar, electromagnetic and seismic. The research was developed focoused in the study case of the Landfill BJC, so that it was possible, in the end, to apply the methodology in the region. For this, maps were generated with areas where previous collections had not yet been performed, defined as priority sites for future trials, and the necessary tests for the site were counted

An Engaged Community-Academic Partnership to Promote Positive Youth Development

In this paper, we discuss how we cultivated a sustainable community-academic partnership and describe how our community-based participatory research project, Bembé Drum and Dance, contributed to youth development. Bembé Drum and Dance is an Afro-Latino performing arts program based on the positive youth development theory. Thirteen children ages 9–13 participated in the ensemble. We used a multimethod descriptive design. Data were gathered using surveys, participant observation, and interviews. Increases in the Five Cs (competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring) were noted among youth, most notably in competence and confidence. Recognizing that the project belonged to the community and supporting this sense of ownership were imperative to the project’s success. Forging and sustaining a community-academic partnership was a challenging and rewarding way to directly exchange knowledge and expertise among youth, adult community members, and academic partners and to contribute to the flourishing of young people

Impact of health insurance status among migrants from sub-Saharan Africa on access to health care and HIV testing in Germany: a participatory cross-sectional survey

Background Among all newly diagnosed HIV cases in Germany in 2015, 16% originated from sub-Saharan Africa. Twelve percent of these infections were contracted within Germany and migrants from sub-Saharan Africa (misSA) are diagnosed later than Germans. Migrants, specifically those without health insurance, face many barriers accessing health care due to their residence status and cultural, socio-economic, legal and linguistic barriers. We assessed whether misSAs’ access to healthcare and utilization of HIV testing services depends on their health insurance status to inform prevention strategies. Methods From January 2015 to February 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional survey on knowledge, attitude, behavior, practice (KABP) regarding HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections among misSA in Germany. The survey was a community-based participatory research project; trained peer researchers recruited participants through outreach. To detect differences between participants with a regular health insurance card compared to asylum seekers with a medical treatment voucher or participants without health insurance or medical treatment voucher, unadjusted and adjusted Odds Ratios, chi-squared tests and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results A total of 1919 cases were considered. Overall, 83% had a health insurance card, 10% had a medical treatment voucher and 6% had no health insurance. Participants living in Germany for less than 5 years were less likely to have a health insurance card and more likely to have lower German language skills. Participants without health insurance visited a physician in case of health problems less often than participants with medical treatment voucher or a health insurance card (41.2% vs. 66.1% vs. 90%). Participants without health insurance reported less frequently visiting physicians or hospitals and were less likely to undergo a HIV test. Conclusion Having no health insurance or medical treatment voucher decreased the odds of contact with the healthcare system more than other socio-demographic characteristics. Furthermore, misSA without health insurance had lower odds of ever having done an HIV test than participants with health insurance. To increase health care utilization and testing and to ensure adequate medical care, all migrants should get access to health insurance without increasing costs and consequences for residence status.Peer Reviewe

Nivel de estrés y autocuidado en enfermeras adultas maduras. Hospital Eleazar Guzmán Barrón. Nuevo Chimbote – 2015

El presente informe de investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer la relación que existe entre el nivel de estrés y el autocuidado en Enfermeras adultas maduras del Hospital “Eleazar Guzmán Barrón” Nuevo Chimbote 2015, la muestra estuvo constituida por 20 enfermeras a quienes se les aplicó los instrumentos: Escala de Estrés de Maslach y Escala del nivel de autocuidado. Para el procesamiento de datos se realizó la interrelación de estas dos variables, empleándose la prueba de confiabilidad y el análisis estadístico SPSS. Se concluyó en que: 1. El 30% de las enfermeras adultas maduras que laboran en los servicios de medicina y emergencia mostraron estrés bajo, 40% estrés medio y 30% estrés alto. 2. El 45% de las enfermeras adultas maduras que laboran en los servicios de medicina y emergencia mostraron un autocuidado saludable y el 55% de ellas muestran que su autocuidado es no saludable. 3. Existe asociación estadística significativa entre el nivel de estrés y el autocuidado de las enfermeras que laboran en los servicios de medicina y emergencia del Hospital Eleazar Guzmán Barrón.Tesi