Tissue engineering: from basic sciences to clinical perspectives

[Excerpt] Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are interre-lated terms and go hand in hand whether we discuss aboutcells (of any kind especially stem and progenitor cells), bio-materials as matrices (2D films, 3D forms of scaffolds,nanofibers, hydrogels, nanoparticles, aerogel, microcapsules,mats, biogel for 3D printing, blends of naturals and/or syn-thetics, and others), and addition of bioactive molecules(delivery of growth hormones and drugs) for improvementand/or regeneration of tissues for biomedical applications (inrelation to cartilage, shin, bone, blood vessels, nerve conduits,cardiac, adipose, tissue expression, and others). Therefore,it includes basic principles of biological sciences, materialchemistry, and relevant engineering subjects. Finally formedical applications after proper clinical verifications of theappropriate films, scaffolds, devices, delivery systems, andother relevant products are needed. [...

STABILITY OF ANTHOCYANIN IN MULBERRY FRUITS EXTRACT ADSORBED ON CALCIUM ALGINATE BEADS

Abstract Anthocyanins from water extracts of the mulberry fruits (Morus alba L./Jul cultivars) were adsorbed on calcium alginate beads. The beads were produced by external gelation using different concentrations of alginate solution. The calcium alginate beads were studied on capability of water, mulberry extract adsorption and anthocyanin stability at high temperature. The adsorption ability of the bead was found to be depended on the pH of the aqueous media. Mulberry extracts (pH4.3) had the highest adsorption at 1684.30±154.80 %(wt/wt). Beads (1.5%Alginate, ALG) average size were at 415.63±13.09 µm. Water (pH6.8) adsorption of the same type of beads was at 242.68±2.59 %(wt/wt) (325.00±17.09 µm). Anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was at 17.08±0.25 mg/g Dry weight. Stability of adsorbed anthocyanin on calcium alginate bead was studied. After heat exposure at 40 o C and 100 o C for 10 hrs, anthocyanin was at 92%wt and 24%wt, respectively. Calcium alginate beads enhanced anthocyanin stability in the beads at these conditions by 10-40%. These results provided the useful data for process and storage condition of mulberry products

Sericin Ameliorates the Properties of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogel Prepared by Simple Repeated Freeze-Thaw Process without the Use of Chemical Crosslinking

Hydrogel of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sericin can be easily produced using a repeated freeze-thaw process. The effects of polymer concentration (4-8 %wt), blending ratio of PVA/sericin (100/0-50/50), and the number of freeze-thawing cycle (4, 8, and 12 cycles) on chemical and physical properties of the hydrogels obtained were studied. We here showed that higher polymer concentration, higher PVA ratio, and more cycles of freeze-thawing produced the hydrogels with high gel (crosslinked) fraction (>90), wall-like structure, and high compressive modulus (100-170 kPa). When the sericin ratio was increased, the hydrogels showed less gel fraction (60-80), more porous structure with highly interconnected pores, and better swelling ability (up to 8-9 times of its original state). The formation of the PVA/sericin hydrogels was occurred by the conformational changes of both PVA and sericin. The secondary structures of PVA and sericin turned to more stable crystalline conformation during the freeze-thawing process, as confirmed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic results. Furthermore, all hydrogels were not toxic to human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells while the anti-oxidant activity of sericin component in hydrogels was confirmed. We concluded that the freeze-thawing process was a simple and effective technique for fabrication of PVA and sericin, which both are water-soluble, into the stable hydrogels without the use of any chemical solvents or further crosslinking. More importantly, sericin enhances the biological activities of the hydrogels, allowing the use of this hydrogel in various medical applications such as wound dressing

Periostin staining within renal tissues from IgA nephropathy patients

Periostin is a novel biomarker related to kidney disease progression. The aim of this study was to examine the level of periostin staining within renal tissue from IgA nephropathy patients. Immunohistochemistry for periostin was performed. The score of periostin staining and the correlation of periostin staining score with each pathological feature were evaluated. Positive periostin staining was found in renal tissue from IgA nephropathy patients including glomerular, interstitial, vascular and tubular areas. Tubular epithelial cell staining, tubular cell cast staining and periglomerular staining were common histologic features positive for periostin. Periglomerular staining were correlated with interstitial fibrosis as well as with tubular epithelial cell staining. In addition, tubular cell cast staining were correlated with tubular epithelial cell staining as well as with tubular atrophy staining. We concluded that periostin may be a promising biomarker in IgA nephropathy patients

The Effect of Sericin from Various Extraction Methods on Cell Viability and Collagen Production

Silk sericin (SS) can accelerate cell proliferation and attachment; however, SS can be extracted by various methods, which result in SS exhibiting different physical and biological properties. We found that SS produced from various extraction methods has different molecular weights, zeta potential, particle size and amino acid content. The MTT assay indicated that SS from all extraction methods had no toxicity to mouse fibroblast cells at concentrations up to 40 μg/mL after 24 h incubation, but SS obtained from some extraction methods can be toxic at higher concentrations. Heat-degraded SS was the least toxic to cells and activated the highest collagen production, while urea-extracted SS showed the lowest cell viability and collagen production. SS from urea extraction was severely harmful to cells at concentrations higher than 100 μg/mL. SS from all extraction methods could still promote collagen production in a concentration-dependent manner, even at high concentrations that are toxic to cells

A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED CROSSOVER STUDY OF CAPPRA® FOR THE TREATMENT OF MILD OR MILD TO MODERATE ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN THAI MALE male

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the major health concerns affects the quality of life among Thai male. The treatment of ED by the first-line drugs is limited to a certain group of patients due to their side effects and costs. Alternative medicine can be beneficial for the treatment of ED. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Cappra®, a traditional herbal medicine which was used in Thailand for decades, for the treatment of mild and mild to moderate ED in Thai patients. A total of 63 patients with mild or mild to moderate ED were randomized to receive Cappra® or placebo for two weeks in the first period, followed by one week washout period. The patients were switched to the alternative treatment in the second period. The efficacy was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire and adverse events. Sixty one patients completed the study. There was an improvement of IIEF score for all domains in Cappra® group compared with placebo group. The mean change of IIEF score from baseline for erectile function domain of Cappra® was significantly higher than placebo (4.87 vs 3.44, p = 0.032). The most common adverse events were dizziness (13.3% Cappra®, 9.6% placebo), face numbness (1.6% Cappra®, 0% placebo), and tachycardia (1.6% Cappra®, 0% placebo). The results from this study demonstrated that Cappra® is effective and well-tolerated and can be used as alternative therapy for mild and mild to moderate ED

The efficacy of low protein acne patch containing with the extracts of Garcinia mangostana Linn and dry root of Albizia saman

Acne is a common skin disease. The alternative treatment for acne such as hydrocolloid acne patch is used for decreasing the inflammatory process. This is experimental, randomized, assessorblinded, controlled, intra-individual split face comparative study. Thirty-six volunteers with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were enrolled. The clinical outcomes were evaluated as the followings: mediantime to recovery of acne analyzed by survival analysis, lesional diameters measurement of acne, clinical erythema score, erythema index by Mexameter Mx16® (Cologne, Germany) and the patients’ s satisfaction. All the volunteers were assessed at baseline 3, 7 and 14 days. It was showed that the median time to recovery of the acne on the side that was treated with GA is 7 days, while the side that was treated with His 14 days with statistically significant difference (p=0.001). The results showed that on day 3, 7 and 14 of our visits, the group treated with GA had acne which were statistically significantly smaller in diameter size, lower clinical erythema score and lower erythema index reduction than the H group (p=1x10-6). In terms of the satisfaction, the patients were found to be more satisfied, based on satisfaction score, with thetreatment using GA than H group. This result was statistically significant difference (p=1x10-6). No adverse effects were reported from either type of patches. In conclusion, the low protein acne patch containingwith mixed extracts of Garcinia mangostana Linn and dry root of Albizia saman was effective and safe for treating acne, which was demonstrated by the more improvement than that of the hydrocolloid acne patch. As such, this can be used as an alternative inflammatory acne treatmen

Comparative Clinical Study of Bactigras and Telfa AMD for Skin Graft Donor-Site Dressing

The Bactigras® paraffin tulle coated with chlorhexidine is normally used for the treatment of donor-site wounds in burn patients who received split-thickness skin grafts in several centers. It has some disadvantages, such as adhesion to wound surfaces and pain from the irritation caused by this dressing. The Telfa AMD®, a non-adherent wound dressing which consists of absorbent cotton fibers impregnated with polyhexamethylene biguanide enclosed in a sleeve of thermoplastic polymers, is a new option for donor-site wound care which causes less adherence to the wound. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical efficacy of these two dressings for the management of donor-site wounds. Thirty-two patients who received split-thickness skin grafts by donor site harvesting from the thigh were enrolled in this study and randomized into two groups receiving either the Bactigras® or the Telfa AMD® wound treatment. Re-epithelialization, pain, infection and cost-effectiveness analyses were compared between both groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in age, area of donor sites or length of hospital stays between the groups (p > 0.05). However, the day of re-epithelialization (≥90%) was significantly shorter in patients treated with the Telfa AMD® compared to the Bactigras® group (14.00 ± 3.05 vs. 9.25 ± 1.88 days for Bactigras® and Telfa AMD® groups, respectively, p < 0.001). The average pain score was also significantly lower in the Telfa AMD® group (1.57 ± 0.55 vs. 4.70 ± 1.16, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the cost of treatment between the groups (4.64 ± 1.97 vs. 5.72 ± 2.54 USD, p = 0.19). This study indicated that the Telfa AMD® was an effective dressing for the treatment of donor-site wounds