A Panel Data Analysis of the Effects of Macroeconomic Variables on Income Inequality in Latin American Countries

This paper investigates the relationship between inflation, trade, unemployment, education, and economic growth on income inequality in the South American OECD countries (Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Peru). While Argentina, Brazil, and Peru are not official OECD countries, they have a working relationship with OECD and have taken the first steps toward initiation in OECD. The variable that represents income inequality is the Gini Index World Bank estimator, and the variable that represents economic growth is GDP. This paper uses a panel data set from 2006 to 2020. The results of this study show that trade percentage, the unemployment percentage, and labor education increase income inequality, while inflation and GDP decrease income inequality

Deep-Sea Archaea Fix and Share Nitrogen in Methane-Consuming Microbial Consortia

Nitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) microorganisms regulate productivity in diverse ecosystems; however, the identities of diazotrophs are unknown in many oceanic environments. Using single-cell–resolution nanometer secondary ion mass spectrometry images of ^(15)N incorporation, we showed that deep-sea anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea fix N_2, as well as structurally similar CN^–, and share the products with sulfate-reducing bacterial symbionts. These archaeal/bacterial consortia are already recognized as the major sink of methane in benthic ecosystems, and we now identify them as a source of bioavailable nitrogen as well. The archaea maintain their methane oxidation rates while fixing N_2 but reduce their growth, probably in compensation for the energetic burden of diazotrophy. This finding extends the demonstrated lower limits of respiratory energy capable of fueling N_2 fixation and reveals a link between the global carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles

Resistin and adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) regulate the expression of genes related to insulin resistance in BNL CL.2 mouse liver cells

© 2019 The Author(s) Resistin is an adipokine produced in white adipose tissue that is thought to modulate insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues (such as liver, skeletal muscle or adipose tissue). Human and murine resistin molecules share only about 60% sequence homology. [1] Contrary to humans, in which resistin is secreted mostly by macrophages, Park and Ahima 2013 resistin in rodents is produced primarily by the mature adipocytes of the white adipose tissue. Although resistin can bind to toll-like receptor 4 (TLF4) activating proinflammatory responses in human and rodents, [3–8] the inflammatory actions of resistin in human monocytes were found to be mediated by resistin binding to adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1). [9] In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of resistin on the expression of various genes related to insulin resistance in mouse liver cells. Using BNL CL.2 cells, we investigated the effect of resistin in untransfected or CAP1 siRNA-transfected cells on the expression of 84 key genes involved in insulin resistance

Collision-Induced Non-Adiabatic Transitions Between The Ion-Pair States Of Molecular Iodine: A Challenge For Experiment And Theory

The ion-pair states of molecular iodine provide a unique system for studying the efficiency, selectivity, and mechanisms of collision-induced non-adiabatic transitions. Non-adiabatic transitions between the first-tier ion-pair states in collisions with molecular partners and rare gases are analyzed and discussed. The qualitative features of the rate constants and product state distributions under single collision conditions are summarized and interpreted in terms of appropriate theoretical approaches. Two mechanisms for the non-adiabatic transitions are clearly identified. The first, operative for collisions involving molecular partners possessing permanent or transition electrostatic moments, is highly selective. It connects the initially prepared level in the E 0(g)(+) electronic state with the near-resonant vibronic level of the D 0(u)(+) state with a minimum change of the total angular momentum. In an extreme quasi-resonant case when the gap between initial and final rovibronic level is less than 1 cm(-1), this mechanism has a giant cross section, 40 times that of a gas kinetic collision. An electrostatic model, which includes the coupling of the giant E-D transition dipole moment with a moment of the colliding partner and the semiclassical Born approximation, provides a plausible interpretation of this mechanism. A second mechanism is shown to govern collisions with rare gas atoms. It results in population of several ion-pair states and broad distributions over rovibronic levels. This mechanism is successfully interpreted by quantum scattering calculations based on the diatomics-in-molecule diabatic potential energy surfaces and coupling matrix elements. The calculations provide good agreement with experimental measurements and reveal different mechanisms for the population of different electronic states. Unexplained features of the non-adiabatic dynamics and directions of future work are outlined

Understanding Non-Fungible Tokens Through Social Media Discussion

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are a peer-to-peer type of blockchain technology which is a unique digital asset transferred completely over the internet (Sarmah, 2018). NFT\u27s have become an integral component of many financial and art communities in recent years, boasting millions of consumers (Regner, 2019). Along with the non-fungible token technology, social media has become a crucial aspect of communication in society, with many consumers of the NFT industry communicating and expressing opinions of the industry on different social media platforms. Considering the rise in popularity of NFTs in recent years, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the non-fungible token community and industry through an in-depth analysis through social media discussion. Based on 6.64 million Tweets collected in this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant number of tweets that had a greater positive sentiment, compared to a negative sentiment, with the overall positive sentiment being about 40% greater than the negative sentiment. Along with identifying sentiment, we were also able to target three common emerging topics using topic modelling: Giveaways, Token Creation, and Community Interaction. Through all this analysis, it was discovered that the NFT community on twitter had an abundant number of bot accounts

Genome sequence of strain HIMB30, a novel member of the marine Gammaproteobacteria

Strain HIMB30 was isolated from coastal Hawaii seawater by extinction culturing in seawater-based oligotrophic medium. It is a phylogenetically unique member of the class Gammaproteobacteria that is only distantly related to its closest cultured relatives. Here we present the genome sequence of strain HIMB30, including genes for proteorhodopsin-based phototrophy and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle

Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone Alter Aromatase Kinetic Properties in Human Granulosa Cells

We have previously reported that, in human granulosa cells, thiazolidinediones rosiglitazone and pioglitazone inhibit estrogen synthesis by interfering with androgen binding to aromatase, without an effect on aromatase mRNA or protein expression. In the current paper, we explore the effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on the aromatase enzyme kinetic properties in human granulosa cells. The cells were incubated with various concentrations of testosterone or androstenedione, with or without rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. Estradiol and estrone concentrations in the conditioned tissue culture medium were measured by radioimmunoassay or immunosorbent assay. When testosterone was used as substrate, rosiglitazone or pioglitazone inhibited the Vmax by 35% (P < 0.001) and 24% (P < 0.001), respectively. When androstenedione was used as substrate, both rosiglitazone or pioglitazone inhibited Vmax by 13% (P < 0.007). We conclude that rosiglitazone or pioglitazone has no effect on Km but inhibits Vmax of aromatase in human granulosa cells, therefore, acting as noncompetitive inhibitors

Analyzing Gene Expression from Marine Microbial Communities using Environmental Transcriptomics

Analogous to metagenomics, environmental transcriptomics (metatranscriptomics) retrieves and sequences environmental mRNAs from a microbial assemblage without prior knowledge of what genes the community might be expressing. Thus it provides the most unbiased perspective on community gene expression in situ. Environmental transcriptomics protocols are technically difficult since prokaryotic mRNAs generally lack the poly(A) tails that make isolation of eukaryotic messages relatively straightforward 1 and because of the relatively short half lives of mRNAs 2. In addition, mRNAs are much less abundant than rRNAs in total RNA extracts, thus an rRNA background often overwhelms mRNA signals. However, techniques for overcoming some of these difficulties have recently been developed. A procedure for analyzing environmental transcriptomes by creating clone libraries using random primers to reverse-transcribe and amplify environmental mRNAs was recently described was successful in two different natural environments, but results were biased by selection of the random primers used to initiate cDNA synthesis 3. Advances in linear amplification of mRNA obviate the need for random primers in the amplification step and make it possible to use less starting material decreasing the collection and processing time of samples and thereby minimizing RNA degradation 4. In vitro transcription methods for amplifying mRNA involve polyadenylating the mRNA and incorporating a T7 promoter onto the 3 end of the transcript. Amplified RNA (aRNA) can then be converted to double stranded cDNA using random hexamers and directly sequenced by pyrosequencing 5. A first use of this method at Station ALOHA demonstrated its utility for characterizing microbial community gene expression 6