Revisión sistemática de la metodología docente ‘simulación con paciente estandarizado’ en el Grado de Medicina. Valoración del impacto percibido en el aprendizaje de las metodologías docentes aplicadas en la Facultad de Medicina de Valladolid

La Educación Médica va avanzando y adaptándose a las nuevas metodologías que aparecen con el objetivo de mejorar la formación de los futuros médicos. La Simulación con Paciente Estandarizado es una metodología docente innovadora desarrollada en la segunda mitad del siglo XX que está adquiriendo cada vez más relevancia entre las Facultades de Medicina de forma global. Con esta revisión sistemática se pretende valorar la situación de esta metodología docente en la actualidad como herramienta para enseñar habilidades de comunicación a los estudiantes de medicina, competencia que se encuentra recogida de manera expresa en el amplio abanico de capacidades de las que tienen que estar dotados. Con el objetivo de entrelazar los resultados de los estudios encontrados en la búsqueda sistemática acerca del Paciente Estandarizado con la valoración por parte de los alumnos de esta metodología docente en la Facultad de Medina de Valladolid se ha realizado una encuesta a dichos alumnos de sexto curso en la que valoran el impacto que ha tenido sobre su aprendizaje diferentes metodologías docentes, entre ellas el hecho de haber realizado actividades con Pacientes Estandarizados.Grado en Medicin

The Relationship between Families and School. Design of an Intervention Proposal for the Early Childhood Education Classroom.

RESUMEN: La participación de las familias en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje es un factor fundamental para garantizar tasas de éxito educativo. En el ámbito de la Educación Infantil, esta participación y colaboración se hace más especial aún por las características propias de la etapa educativa. A través de una investigación bibliográfica se ha pretendido conocer el papel que desempeña la familia en el proceso de enseñanza, así como remarcar la importancia de establecer vínculos de colaboración que permitan fomentar la presencia de las familias en las aulas. Por tanto, familia y escuela son dos instituciones diferentes que deben trabajar de forma colaborativa para conseguir el máximo desarrollo personal, intelectual, social y emocional del niño. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer la importancia de la relación familia-escuela en los centros educativos con el fin de obtener beneficios en el desarrollo académico y personal del alumnado. Finalmente, el diseño de una propuesta de intervención invita a los docentes a llevar a cabo en el aula un proyecto junto a las familias que impulse la construcción de una relación estrecha entre ambas instituciones.ABSTRACT: The participation of families in the learning-teaching process is a key factor in guaranteeing the educational success rates. In Early Childhood Education this participation and collaboration it is even more important due to the characteristics of the educational stage. Through a bibliographic research, a study of the role of the family in the educational process was aimed to be done. As well as to highlight the importance of creating collaborative links that will encourage the presence of families in the classroom. Therefore, family and school are two distinct institutions that must work in collaboration to obtain the maximum personal development of the child. This work aims to give awareness of the importance of the family school relationship in the educational centres in order to obtain benefits in the academic and personal development of the students. Finally, the design of an intervention proposal invites teachers to make projects together with the families to enhance the construction of a close relationship between both institutions.Grado en Magisterio en Educación Infanti

A regenerative urban stormwater management methodology. The role of SuDS construction and monitoring in the transition of a Mediterranean city

Tesis por compendio[EN] Under the well-known slogan 'think global, act local', cities in the 21st century face the enor-mous challenge of catalyzing, intensifying and accelerating sustainable urban transformations. Without losing a holistic view, the methodology presented in this thesis places the focus on 're-source management and climate mitigation and adaptation', in particular in urban stormwater management, proposing processes that can bring about the required change, shaped by the place-based approach of the regenerative sustainability paradigm. Building upon literature and practice that supports a flexible approach to stormwater manage-ment in urban environments that mimic natural processes and predevelopment hydrology (Sus-tainable Drainage Systems, SuDS) as one way to, amongst others, help to prevent and adapt to climate change, the thesis highlights the relevance of the connection to the place for adoption of best practices that conduct towards a regenerative system. Hence, it incorporates this con-nection to the place to the SuDS representation, naming it the SuDS 'landed rocket'. The proposed methodology includes a conceptual framework, specific method and tools, that allows for the understanding and the characterization of the current situation of a urban stormwater system in a process that guides future actions to move towards the desired regen-erative urban built environment concept, with a place-based holistic view. This methodology has been applied to Benaguasil, a Mediterranean city, where stormwater management is the local authority's responsibility and has been historically guided by main-stream conventional drainage practices. The thesis shows how, by taking a multi-dimensional and trans-disciplinary approach to solve environmental problems, future actions can be proper-ly addressed. Working with academia has been essential to develop wider evidence base. In this case, a sequence of research projects has advanced the innovative approach to stormwater management in Benaguasil, but it is contended that this methodology could be applied to any urban context. The thesis aims to enhance smart governance by providing information about the successful implementation and monitoring of SuDS showcase sites in Mediterranean Spain. These show-case sites are catalysts in the transition towards regenerative urban built environments in the region. In addition, it provides international examples that add further credence for improved urban ecological infrastructure by demonstrating what success can look like.[ES] Bajo el conocido eslogan 'piensa global, actúa local', las ciudades del siglo XXI se enfrentan al gran reto de catalizar, intensificar y acelerar las transformaciones hacia un urbanismo sostenible. Desde una perspectiva holística, la metodología presentada en esta tesis se centra en 'la gestión de los recursos y la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático', en particular en la gestión de las escorrentías urbanas, proponiendo los procesos que pueden ayudar al cambio requerido, bajo el enfoque del paradigma de la sostenibilidad regenerativa local. A partir de las referencias bibliográficas y experiencias que avalan a los Sistemas de Drenaje Sostenible (SuDS) como enfoque flexible a la gestión de las escorrentías urbanas, tratando de mimetizar los procesos hidrológicos previos al desarrollo urbano (que entre otros, contribuyen a la prevención y adaptación frente al cambio climático de las ciudades), la tesis subraya la relevancia de la conexión con el lugar para la selección de las mejores soluciones que lo conduzcan hacia un sistema regenerativo. Así, se incorpora esta conexión con el lugar a la representación de los SuDS, dándole el nombre de 'SuDS landed rocket'. La metodología propuesta incluye un marco conceptual, un método y herramientas específicas que permiten el entendimiento y caracterización de la situación actual de un sistema de drenaje urbano en un proceso que guíe acciones futuras para progresar hacia el concepto del medioambiente urbano regenerativo deseado, con una perspectiva holística local. La metodología se ha aplicado en Benaguasil, una ciudad mediterránea, donde la gestión del agua de lluvia es responsabilidad local y que ha estado influenciada históricamente por prácticas convencionales de drenaje. La tesis muestra cómo adoptando un enfoque multidimensional y multidisciplinar para resolver problemas medioambientales, las acciones futuras se pueden plantear correctamente. El trabajo con las instituciones académicas se ha demostrado esencial para desarrollar evidencias de base más amplias. En este caso, una serie de proyectos de investigación ha permitido el avance de Benaguasil hacia una gestión del agua de lluvia más innovadora. La experiencia demuestra que la metodología podría ser aplicada a cualquier otro contexto urbano. La tesis pretende mejorar la gobernanza inteligente proveyendo información respecto de la implementación y monitorización exitosas de SuDS en experiencias piloto en la España mediterránea. Estas demostraciones son catalizadoras de la transición hacia un medio ambiente urbano regenerativo en la región. Además, presenta ejemplos que se añaden al catálogo internacional de experiencias, mostrando el camino del éxito hacia un entorno urbano más saludable y habitable.[CA] Sota el conegut lema 'pensa global, actua local', les ciutats del segle XXI s'enfronten al gran repte de catalitzar, intensificar i accelerar les transformacions cap a un urbanisme sostenible. Des d'una perspectiva holística, la metodologia presentada en esta tesis es centra en 'la gestió dels recursos i la adaptació i mitigació al canvi climàtic', en particular en la gestió de les escorrenties urbanes, proposant processos que poden ajudar al canvi requés, des d'una òptica del paradigma de la sostenibilitat regenerativa local. A partir de les referències bibliogràfiques i experiències que avalen els Sistemes de Drenatge Sostenible (SuDS) com una aproximació flexible a la gestió de les escorrenties urbanes, tractant de mimetitzar els processos hidrològics previs al desenvolupament urbà (que entre altres, contribueixen a la prevenció i adaptació al canvi climàtic de les ciutats), la tesis subratlla la rellevància de la connexió al lloc per a la selecció de les millors solucions que el puguen conduir cap a un sistema regeneratiu. D'esta manera, s'incorpora esta connexió al lloc en la representació dels SuDS, donant-li el nom de 'SuDS landed rocket'. La metodologia proposta inclou un marc conceptual, un mètode i unes eines especifiques que permeten l'enteniment i caracterització de la situació actual d'un sistema de drenatge urbà en un procés que guie accions futures per a progressar cap al concepte de medi ambient urbà regeneratiu desitjat, amb una perspectiva holística local. La metodologia s'ha aplicat a Benaguasil, una ciutat mediterrània, on la gestió de l'aigua de pluja és responsabilitat local, i que ha estat influenciada històricament per pràctiques convencionals de drenatge. La tesis mostra com adoptant un punt de mira multidimensional i multidisciplinari per a resoldre problemes medi ambientals, les accions futures es poden plantejar correctament. El treball amb les institucions acadèmiques s'ha demostrat essencial per a crear evidències de base més amples. En este cas, una sèrie de projectes europeus d'investigació ha permès l'avanç de Benaguasil cap a una gestió de l'aigua de pluja més innovadora. L'experiència demostra que la metodologia podria ser aplicada a qualsevol altre context urbà. La tesis pretén millorar la governança intel¿ligent aportant informació respecte de la implementació i monitorització exitoses de SuDS en experiències pilot en la Espanya mediterrània. Estes demostracions son catalitzadores de la transició cap a un medi ambient urbà regeneratiu en la regió. A més a més, presenta exemples que s'afegeixen al catàleg internacional d'experiències, mostrant el camí del èxit cap a un entorn urbà més saludable i habitable.Perales Momparler, CS. (2015). A regenerative urban stormwater management methodology. The role of SuDS construction and monitoring in the transition of a Mediterranean city [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59063TESISCompendi

Enhancing local action planning through quantitative flood risk analysis: a case study in Spain

[EN] This article presents a method to incorporate and promote quantitative risk analysis to support local action planning against flooding. The proposed approach aims to provide a framework for local flood risk analysis, combining hazard mapping with vulnerability data to quantify risk in terms of expected annual affected population, potential injuries, number of fatalities, and economic damages. Flood risk is estimated combining GIS data of loads, system response, and consequences and using event tree modelling for risk calculation. The study area is the city of Oliva, located on the eastern coast of Spain. Results from risk modelling have been used to inform local action planning and to assess the benefits of structural and non-structural risk reduction measures. Results show the potential impact on risk reduction of flood defences and improved warning communication schemes through local action planning: societal flood risk (in terms of annual expected affected population) would be reduced up to 51% by combining both structural and nonstructural measures. In addition, the effect of seasonal population variability is analysed (annual expected affected population ranges from 82 to 107 %, compared with the current situation, depending on occupancy rates in hotels and campsites). Results highlight the need for robust and standardized methods for urban flood risk analysis replicability at regional and national scale.This research was conducted within the framework of the INICIA project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIA2013-48157-C2-1-R). The article processing charges for this open-access publication will be covered by the INICIA project. We would like to thank the city of Oliva for their willingness to share data, knowledge, and experience with the authors and for initiating this risk-informed journey.Castillo-Rodríguez, J.; Escuder Bueno, I.; Perales Momparler, S.; Porta-Sancho, J. (2016). Enhancing local action planning through quantitative flood risk analysis: a case study in Spain. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 16(7):1699-1718. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1699-2016S16991718167Barredo, J. I.: Normalised flood losses in Europe: 1970–2006, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 97–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-97-2009, 2009.Castillo-Rodriguez, J. T., Escuder-Bueno, I., Altarejos-García, L., and Serrano-Lombillo, A.: The value of integrating information from multiple hazards for flood risk analysis and management, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. 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Z.: Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning, Eng. Geol., 102, 85–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.022, 2008.Fuchs, S., Spachinger, K., Dorner, W., Rochman, J., and Serrhini, K.: Evaluating cartographic design in flood risk mapping, Environ. Hazards, 8, 52–70, https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2009.0007, 2009.Fuchs, S., Keiler, M., and Zischg, A.: A spatiotemporal multi-hazard exposure assessment based on property data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2127–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2127-2015, 2015.Gamper, C. D. and Turcanu, C.: On the governmental use of multi-criteria analysis, Ecol. Econ., 2, 298–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.010, 2007.Generalitat Valenciana: Plan de Acción Territorial sobre prevención del Riesgo de Inundación en la Comunitat Valenciana (PATRICOVA), Valencia, 67–72, 2015.Hall, J. W., Meadowcroft, I. C., Sayers, P. B., and Bramley, M. E.: Integrated Flood Risk Management in England and Wales, 2003.Hennig, C., Dise, K., and Muller, B.: Achieiving Public Protection with Dam Safety Risk Assessment Practices, Nat. Hazards Rev., 4, 126–135, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(126)1997, 2003.Hijós Bitrián, F., Mañueco Pfeiffer, M. G., and Segura Notario, N.: Comité nacional español de grandes presas, Congreso Nacional de Presas, Proc. of Risk-Based Decision Making in Water Resources VIII, edited by: Yacov, Y., Haimes, D., Moser, A., and Stakhiv, E. Z., 19–32, 2010.Jongman, B., Kreibich, H., Apel, H., Barredo, J. I., Bates, P. D., Feyen, L., Gericke, A., and Neal, J.: Comparative flood damage model assessment?: towards a European approach, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 3733–3752, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3733-2012, 2012.Jongman, B., Koks, E. E., Husby, T. G., and Ward, P. J.: Increasing flood exposure in the Netherlands: implications for risk financing, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1245–1255, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1245-2014, 2014.Jonkman, S. N., Vrijling, J. K., and Vrouwenvelder, A. C. W. M.: Methods for the estimation of loss of life due to floods?: a literature review and a proposal for a new method, Nat. Hazards, 46, 353–389, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9227-5, 2008.Klijn, F. and Schweckendiek, T.: Comprehensive Flood Risk Management: Research for Policy and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 297–330, 2012.Klijn, F., Kreibich, H., De Moel, H., and Penning-rowsell, E.: Adaptive flood risk management planning based on a comprehensive flood risk conceptualisation, Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Chang., 20, 845–864, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-015-9638-z, 2015.MAGRAMA: Propuesta de mínimos para la metodología de realización de los mapas de riesgo de inundación, Madrid, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain, 2013.Marcotullio, P. J. and McGranahan, G.: Scaling Urban Environmental Challenges: From local to global and back, Earthscan with UNU-IAS and IIED, Earthscan, London, Sterling, VA, 2006.Mayors Adapt: The new integrated covenant of mayors for climate and energy, www.mayors-adapt.eu (last access: July 2016), 2015.Mazzorana, B., Comiti, F., Scherer, C., and Fuchs, S.: Developing consistent scenarios to assess fl ood hazards in mountain streams, J. Environ. Manage., 94, 112–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.030, 2012.Mazzorana, B., Comiti, F., and Fuchs, S.: A structured approach to enhance flood hazard assessment in mountain streams, Nat. Hazards, 67, 991–1009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9811-y, 2013.Merz, B. and Thieken, A. H.: Flood risk curves and uncertainty bounds, Natural Hazards, 51, 437–458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9452-6, 2009.Merz, B., Kreibich, H., Schwarze, R., and Thieken, A.: Assessment of economic flood damage, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. 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J., and Van and Akbas, S. O.: The application of numerical debris flow modelling for the generation of physical vulnerability curves, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2047–2060, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2047-2011, 2011.Ramis, C., Homar, V., Amengual, A., Romero, R., and Alonso, S.: Daily precipitation records over mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2483–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2483-2013, 2013.Sayers, P. B., Horritt, M., Penning-Rowsell, E., and McKenzie, A.: Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 Projections of future flood risk in the UK, London, 69–73, 2015.Serrano-Lombillo, A., Escuder-Bueno, I., De Membrillera-Ortuño, M. G., and Altarejos-García, L.: Methodology for the Calculation of Annualized Incremental Risks in Systems of Dams, Risk Anal., 31, 1000–1015, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01547.x, 2011.Totschnig, R. and Fuchs, S.: Mountain torrents: Quantifying vulnerability and assessing uncertainties, Eng. 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Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in Spain: A Diagnosis

ABSTRACT: Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) were almost unknown in Spain two decades ago; today, urban drainage in the country is transitioning towards a more sustainable and regenerative management in a global context where green policies are gaining prominence. This research establishes a diagnosis of SUDS in Spain and examines the extent to which the country is moving towards the new paradigm in three dimensions: (a) the governance and social perception of the community, (b) the regulative background, and (c) the implementation and the technical performance of SUDS. The diagnosis identifies barriers that hinder the change. Then, we define the challenges that Spain has to face to overcome obstacles that delay the transition. Barriers to the governance sphere are related to the lack of involvement, knowledge, and organisational responsibilities. Within the regulative framework, the absence of national standards hinders the general implementation at the national scale, although few regional and local authorities are taking steps in the right direction with their own regulations. From the technical perspective, SUDS performance within the Spanish context was determined, although some shortcomings are still to be investigated. Despite the slowdown caused by the hard recession periods and the more recent political instability, SUDS implementation in Spain is today a fact, and the country is close to reaching the stabilisation stage.This research is developed within the framework of the Spanish Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017–2020, project HOFIDRAIN (Holistic characterization of filtering sections for smart and sustainable management of urban drainage systems at city scale) through the sub-projects ENGODRAIN (grant number RTI2018-094217-B-C31), MELODRAIN (grant number RTI2018-094217-B-C32) and POREDRAIN (grant number RTI2018-094217-B-C33) funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The APC was funded by the ENGODRAIN (RTI2018-094217-BC31) project

Antioxidant capacity of infant fruit beverages: influence of storage and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] total antioxidant capacity of three beverages based on fruit juice, milk and cereals, intended for infants and young children up to 3 years of age was evaluated by two methods Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity and Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity. Results: According to the total antioxidant values obtained by both methods, the beverages can be ranked as follows: grape-orange-banana > peach-apple > pineapple-banana. Ascorbic acid was the main contributor (60%) to the total antioxidant capacity, while the contribution of skimmed milk was less than 1.2%. After one month of storage at -20 ºC, significant losses (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity were found, though these were lower than 3% and therefore lacked nutritional significance. The bioaccessible fractions (maximum soluble fraction in simulated gastrointestinal media) of the beverages, obtained by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, had antioxidant activities significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the original beverages, though the loss of antioxidant activity was always lower than 19% -thus indicating the stability of the total antioxidant capacity under the applied conditions. Conclusions: The total antioxidant capacity values of the bioaccessible fraction show that most antioxidants are available for absorption after digestion, and might contribute to the beneficial effects attributed to antioxidants

Design of water reuse storage facilities in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems from a volumetric water balance perspective

[EN] This paper presents a methodology for designing water reuse storage facilities as part of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) in urban catchments. The method analyzes the whole water balance of the catchment. The contributions to the balance are irrigation and precipitation; the outlets are evapotranspiration, seepage and discharge to the conventional sewage system. The internal system variations are the volume of water to be locally reutilized and the soil water content variation. A cost function that includes the costs of irrigation, discharge to the conventional sewer system and reuse of water locally is proposed to estimate the optimum volume of water to be reused. This approach for SUDS design goes beyond traditional events-based perspectives oriented to damage prevention. This method conceives stormwater as a resource and seeks its optimal use through the design of SUDS. Several types of urban catchments were studied, and the results show that the proposed methodology can be applied either for simulating SUDS behavior in urban catchments or for estimating the optimum volume of water to be locally reused. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This research was partially developed within the LIFE CERSUDS project and was financed by the LIFE Programme 2014-2020 of the European Union for the Environment and Climate Action [LIFE15 CCA/ES/000091].Zubelzu, S.; Rodríguez Sinobas, L.; Andrés Doménech, I.; Castillo-Rodríguez, J.; Perales Momparler, S. (2019). Design of water reuse storage facilities in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems from a volumetric water balance perspective. The Science of The Total Environment. 663:133-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.342S13314366

La influencia de la responsabilidad social empresarial en el comportamiento de compra de las consumidoras de café dentro del rango etario de 25 a 30 años que residen en Lima Metropolitana

Esta tesis es una ampliación del alcance de la investigación doctoral del profesor Percy Samoel Marquina Feldman, ―La influencia de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) en el comportamiento de compra de los consumidores peruanos‖ (CENTRUM, 2009). Esta tesis de maestría busca validar si la relación identificada originalmente por el profesor Marquina también se presenta en la categoría de consumo de café por mujeres de Lima Metropolitana dentro del rango etario de 25 a 30 años, tal como el autor lo sugiere en sus recomendaciones finales. Con la autorización del autor, se ha utilizado partes de su tesis, particularmente en las que se refiere a la revisión de la literatura y el método. Si bien la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) ha venido ganando relevancia a nivel internacional, en el Perú solo existe un estudio empírico que permite conocer su impacto en el consumidor, como es el caso del estudio mencionado anteriormente. Esta investigación busca determinar la influencia que la RSE tiene en el comportamiento de compra de café de las mujeres de 25 a 30 años de edad, a nivel Lima Metropolitana. Se desarrolló un experimento bajo la metodología de los modelos de elección discreta con el objetivo de poder cuantificar la intención de compra y la disposición a pagar por las acciones de responsabilidad social desarrolladas por las empresas. El experimento se llevó a cabo utilizando una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 132 consumidoras limeñas de café dentro del rango etario consignado anteriormente. La investigación brinda evidencia empírica de la relación positiva existente entre la RSE y el comportamiento de compra de la muestra. Los resultados del estudio indican que el efecto de las competencias corporativas en su conjunto es superior al de las RSE.This thesis is an extension of Professor Percy Samoel Marquina Feldman doctoral dissertation scope, *Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Influence in the Peruvian consumers purchasing behavior* (CENTRUM, 2009). The purpose of this Master's dissertation is to validate whether the relationship originally identified by Professor Marquina appears in the category of female coffee drinkers in Lima between the ages of 25 to 30 years, as suggested by the author in the final recommendations. Parts of his dissertation were employed with author's consent, mainly the review of literature and the method. While CSR has gained international relevance, in Peru, there is only an empirical study that reveals its impact on the consumer, as in the abovementioned study. The purpose is to determine the influence that CSR has on coffee purchase behavior of women between 25 and 30 years old in Lima. The experiment was developed under the Methodology of Discrete Choice Models in order to quantify the purchase intention and willingness to pay for social responsibility actions developed by companies. It was carried out by using a stratified random sample of 132 coffee consumers in Lima within the age range above assigned. The research provides empirical evidence of the positive relationship between CSR and the sample purchase behavior. The results show that the effect of the Corporate Competencies as a whole is greater than the CSR.Tesi

Cinética de consumo de nutrientes y crecimiento de un bloom de microalgas en un fotobiorreactor High Rate Algae Pond (HRAP)

In the present work, a bloom of microalgae was cultured in a pilotscale high rate algae pond (HRAP) photobioreactor with a volume of 450 l. This was performed in batch with synthetic media under natural light and temperature conditions. The objective was to predict the kinetics of biomass growth, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and the evolution of the biomass content in these nutrients. The results show a reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus contents of over 80% with synthetic wastewater and that the model was useful to predict nutrient uptake by microalgae which, along with experimental data related to nutrient contents of biomass, indicates the existence of other processes that compete with microalgae in the removal of nutrients in a photobioreactor

Applying the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for food sensitization to support in vitro testing strategies

Background Before introducing proteins from new or alternative dietary sources into the market, a compressive risk assessment including food allergic sensitization should be carried out in order to ensure their safety. We have recently proposed the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept to structure the current mechanistic understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways evidenced to drive IgE-mediated food allergies. This AOP framework offers the biological context to collect and structure existing in vitro methods and to identify missing assays to evaluate sensitizing potential of food proteins. Scope and approach In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of available in vitro approaches for assessing the sensitizing potential of food proteins, including their strengths and limitations. These approaches are structured by their potential to evaluate the molecular initiating and key events driving food sensitization. Key findings and conclusions The application of the AOP framework offers the opportunity to anchor existing testing methods to specific building blocks of the AOP for food sensitization. In general, in vitro methods evaluating mechanisms involved in the innate immune response are easier to address than assays addressing the adaptive immune response due to the low precursor frequency of allergen-specific T and B cells. Novel ex vivo culture strategies may have the potential to become useful tools for investigating the sensitizing potential of food proteins. When applied in the context of an integrated testing strategy, the described approaches may reduce, if not replace, current animal testing approaches