Intensional Expressions: A Proposal of Analysis by a Polish Philosopher

The object of this article is presenting the proposal of a Polish philosopher about a particular problem in the analysis of linguistic expressions, as well as its solution. Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890-1963) discusses the existence of expressions traditionally called intensional, and proposes the elimination of intensionality itself by means of a particular analysis of the syntactic structure of compound sentences with an intensional verb as "to believe"

Dos tipos de construcciones con si en italiano

El trabajo analiza, recurriendo a la teoría generativista de Rección y Ligamiento, dos grandes clases de construcciones del italiano con el clítico si («se»): las que tienen un valor impersonal e implican la intervención de un agente indeterminado necesariamente humano, y aquéllas que, como las reflexivas y las medias, implican la existencia de un agente correferencial con el único participante expresado. Este segundo grupo se caracteriza por la presencia de un si anafórico, mientras que en el primero interviene un si no anafórico. Cualquiera que sea su significado, las construcciones con el si carecen todas de un sujeto profundo temático. Los dos si, el anafórico y el no anafórico, constituyen una única entidad que sólo posee el rasgo [+Persona], la tercera, y ningún otro contenido referencial; se generan en el mismo lugar estructural y condicionan del mismo modo el comportamiento sintáctico del núcleo Flex; su única diferencia radica en la relación de coindización que el clítico puede o no establecer con la categoría que funciona como sujeto superficial.This article uses Government and Binding Theory to analyze two groups of Italian constructions with the clitic si: those which have an impersonal meaning and imply the existence of an indeterminate agent that is necessarily human, and those which imply the existence of an agent that is coreferent with the one expressed. This second group of constructions presents an anaphoric si; on the contrary, a non-anaphoric si appears in the first one. Whatever meaning they may have, none of the constructions with a clitic si has a thematic deep subject. Both the anaphoric and the non-anaphoric si, constitute a single entity that has the [+3rd Person] feature, with no further referential content. The two si are generated in the same structural place and they influence the syntactic behaviour of the node INFL in the same way. Their only difference lies in the relationship of coreference that the clitic si may or may not establish with the superficial subject

Lengua y género en documentos académicos

El presente artículo se propone como una reflexión sobre el sexismo lingüístico, una forma de discriminación que tiene por objeto a las mujeres y como instrumento, la lengua. Un lenguaje sexista ignora a la mujer, o la homologa al hombre, o la representa como una excepción; una lengua usada de tal modo que excluye o minimiza a algunos sujetos sociales, representa lingüísticamente la negación de los mismos y contribuye a la permanencia de prejuicios comunes. El análisis se centra en dos aspectos del sexismo lingüístico: algunas asimetrías entre el género gramatical masculino y el femenino que se encuentran en el sistema de la lengua española, y algunas prácticas lingüísticas discriminatorias que es posible identificar en la documentación académica de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, que ocultan o disminuyen la figura profesional y estudiantil de la mujer

Transcripción paleográfica de un testamento del siglo XVII

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La apócope de los pronombres personales átonos en el castellano medieval

El objetivo del presente artículo es describir el fenómeno de la apócope de los pronombres personales átonos en un texto en castellano medieval, La Fazienda de Ultra Mar, escrito muy probablemente en el primer tercio del siglo XIII, es decir, en un período de la lengua antigua en la que mayor incidencia y mayor estabilidad tenía el fenómeno en consideración. La apócope será caracterizada de manera general, considerando su contexto fonológico, semántico y morfosintáctico, así como su frecuencia en los distintos pronombres personales átonos, y algunos cambios fonéticos a los que da lugar.The object of this article is describing the apocope of unstressed personal pronouns in a text in medieval Castilian, La Fazienda de Ultra Mar, probably written at the beginning of the 13th century, that is to say in a period of old Castilian when apocope presented high frequency and great stability. Apocope will be caracterized in a general way, considering its phonological, semantic and morfosyntactic context, as well its frecuency in different unstressed pronouns, and some phonetic changes caused by it

YAP/TAZ functions and their regulation at a glance

YAP and TAZ proteins are paralog transcriptional coactivators that shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus in response to multiple inputs, including the Hippo pathway; in the nucleus, they pair with DNA-binding factors of the TEAD family to regulate gene expression. Nuclear YAP/TAZ promote cell proliferation, organ overgrowth, survival to stress and dedifferentiation of post-mitotic cells into their respective tissue progenitors. YAP/TAZ are required for growth of embryonic tissues, wound healing and organ regeneration, where they are activated by cell-intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Surprisingly, this activity is dispensable in many adult self-renewing tissues, where YAP/TAZ are constantly kept in check. YAP/TAZ lay at the center of a complex regulatory network including cell-autonomous factors but also cell- and tissue-level structural features such as the mechanical properties of the cell microenvironment, the establishment of cell-cell junctions and of basolateral tissue polarity. Enhanced levels and activity of YAP/TAZ are observed in many cancers, where they sustain tumour growth, drug resistance and malignancy. In this Cell science at a glance and the accompanying poster, we review the biological functions of YAP/TAZ and their regulatory mechanisms, and highlight their position at the center of a complex signaling network

Hydrolyzable Tannins from Sweet Chestnut Fractions Obtained by a Sustainable and Eco-friendly Industrial Process.

Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) wood extracts, rich in Hydrolyzable Tannins (HTs), are traditionally used in the tanning and textile industries, but recent studies suggest additional uses. The aim of this work is the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS characterization of Sweet Chestnut aqueous extracts and fractions obtained through a membrane separation technology system without using other solvents, and the evaluation of their antioxidant and antiradical activities. Total tannins range between 2.7 and 138.4 mM; gallic acid ranges between 6% and 100%; castalagin and vescalagin range between 0% and 40%. Gallic Acid Equivalents, measured with the Folin-Ciocalteu test, range between 0.067 and 56.99g/100g extract weight; ORAC test results for the marketed fractions are 450.4 and 3050 μmol/g Trolox Equivalents/extract weight. EC50 values, measured with the DPPH test, range between 0.444 and 2.399 μM. These results suggest a new ecofriendly and economically sustainable method for obtaining chestnut fractions with differentiated, stable and reproducible chemical compositions. Such fractions can be marketed for innovative uses in several sectors