Family Revolution by Law: Research on Development and Reform of Chinese Marriage Law

The basic function of law is to protect, consolidate and develop social relations and social order that are favorable and suitable for the ruling class (Zhu, 1957). As the first law promulgated (April 13, 1950) after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC, October 1, 1949), the Marriage Law has undergone three major revisions in 70 years. Based on a comparative analysis of the principles and important rules in the four marriage laws, this article studies the entire historical process of Chinese marriage law systematically. By combining amendments of laws with social changes, including party policies (Communist Party of China, CCP), economic systems and family structure, this article displays the intimate relationship between social change, law revision and family revolution in an interdisciplinary manner. The improvement of Chinese marriage law also provides a lens into Chinese lawmakers’ efforts on achieving gender equality, offering special protection for vulnerable groups to pursue substantive justice, protecting personal property and balancing the relationship between individual freedom and family and social stability

Family Revolution by Law

The basic function of law is to protect, consolidate and develop social relations and social order that are favorable and suitable for the ruling class (Zhu, 1957). As the first law promulgated (April 13, 1950) after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC, October 1, 1949), the Marriage Law has undergone three major revisions in 70 years. Based on a comparative analysis of the principles and important rules in the four marriage laws, this article studies the entire historical process of Chinese marriage law systematically. By combining amendments of laws with social changes, including party policies (Communist Party of China, CCP), economic systems and family structure, this article displays the intimate relationship between social change, law revision and family revolution in an interdisciplinary manner. The improvement of Chinese marriage law also provides a lens into Chinese lawmakers’ efforts on achieving gender equality, offering special protection for vulnerable groups to pursue substantive justice, protecting personal property and balancing the relationship between individual freedom and family and social stability

Analysis of septins across kingdoms reveals orthology and new motifs

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Septins are cytoskeletal GTPase proteins first discovered in the fungus <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </it>where they organize the septum and link nuclear division with cell division. More recently septins have been found in animals where they are important in processes ranging from actin and microtubule organization to embryonic patterning and where defects in septins have been implicated in human disease. Previous studies suggested that many animal septins fell into independent evolutionary groups, confounding cross-kingdom comparison.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the current work, we identified 162 septins from fungi, microsporidia and animals and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships. There was support for five groups of septins with orthology between kingdoms. Group 1 (which includes <it>S. cerevisiae </it>Cdc10p and human Sept9) and Group 2 (which includes <it>S. cerevisiae </it>Cdc3p and human Sept7) contain sequences from fungi and animals. Group 3 (which includes <it>S. cerevisiae </it>Cdc11p) and Group 4 (which includes <it>S. cerevisiae </it>Cdc12p) contain sequences from fungi and microsporidia. Group 5 (which includes <it>Aspergillus nidulans </it>AspE) contains sequences from filamentous fungi. We suggest a modified nomenclature based on these phylogenetic relationships. Comparative sequence alignments revealed septin derivatives of already known G1, G3 and G4 GTPase motifs, four new motifs from two to twelve amino acids long and six conserved single amino acid positions. One of these new motifs is septin-specific and several are group specific.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our studies provide an evolutionary history for this important family of proteins and a framework and consistent nomenclature for comparison of septin orthologs across kingdoms.</p

Surface morphology and mechanical properties of conventional and selfadhesive resin cements after aqueous aging

The stable long-term performance of resin cement under oral environmental conditions is a crucial factor to obtain a satisfactory success of the allceramic dental restoration. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the surface morphology and mechanical property of conventional and self-adhesive resin cement after aqueous aging. Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped specimens of 3 conventional (C1: Multilink N, C2: Duolink, C3: Nexus 3) and 3 self-adhesive (S1: Multilink Speed, S2: Biscem, S3: Maxcem) types of resin cements were subjected to irradiation. After 24 h, the Knoop microhardness of each resin cement was evaluated. The specimens were immersed separately in distilled water and maintained at 37°C. A total of 5 specimens of each resin cement were collected at the following time intervals of immersion: 1, 6, 12 and 18 months. The samples were used to evaluate the Knoop parameters of microhardness, sorption and solubility. The surface morphology of the specimens after 18 months of immersion was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The sorption and solubility data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The Knoop microhardness was tested by the ANOVA repeated measures (P&lt;0.05). Results: The sorption and solubility parameters of C1 and S1 exhibited significant fluctuations during the aqueous aging. The hardness of the S1 and S2 specimens decreased significantly after an 18-month water immersion. The S1, S2 and S3 specimens indicated higher filler exposure and stripping and apparent pores and cracks compared to specimens C1, C2 and C3, respectively. Conclusion: The surface of selfadhesive resin cements is more susceptible to aqueous damage than that of the conventional resin cements

Correlation between mobile phone addiction tendency and its related risk factor among Chinese college students: A cross-sectional study

Purpose: Mobile phone addiction prevalence is a global concern which has attracted great attention. It is now considered that excessive mobile phone usage is associated with potentially harmful and/or disturbing behaviors. The present study was aimed at exploring the current situation and related factors of mobile phone addiction tendency and providing a scientific suggestion for its prevention among college students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was applied for stratified cluster random sampling among college students, including five survey tools: the basic information questionnaire, UCLA loneliness scale, college students’ interpersonal comprehensive diagnostic scale, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale and mobile phone addiction tendency scale (MPATS). SPSS v 17.0 statistical tool was applied to analyze data from the survey. Results: A total of 760 questionnaires were administered of which 735 questionnaires were retrieved and the valid questionnaires were 730. Classification of mobile phone addiction tendency has statistical significance with grade. Also, classification of loneliness has statistical significance with major, grade and home address. Furthermore, classification of interpersonal relationship has statistical significance with romance status and grade. Additionally, classification of MPATS was positively correlated with classification of UCLA loneliness scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale and interpersonal relationship scale. Interpersonal relationship, sleep quality, and loneliness were linearly correlated with mobile phone addiction tendency. Conclusion: Grade, interpersonal relationship, sleep quality and loneliness were positively correlated with mobile phone addiction tendency, which are the associated risk factors. Therefore, concerns and interventions are required to decrease the risk factor for the sake of college students’ health

Efecto tóxico del cobre en poblaciones naturales de picoplancton aisladas, procedentes de distintas localizaciónes geográficas

9 páginas, 9 figuras, 2 tablas.[EN] In an approach to understand more about copper toxicity effects on marine microalgae, 72-h growth inhibition toxicity tests were followed on natural picophytoplanktonic populations belonging to different coastal and oceanic geographic locations (Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean) covering, at an approximate longitude of 30ºW, latitudes from 32º14´S to 29º10´N. Analyses of samples established different predominant populations for different locations. Copper toxicity tests showed a group of cyanobacteria isolated from coastal samples that were the most sensitive, and a second group of picoeukaryotes collected from the Atlantic Ocean surface, which were more tolerant to copper. The use of flow cytometry for studying copper toxic effects provided a variety of information on cell parameters in addition to cellular density. In particular, an established increase in copper tolerance with increase of cell size was observed in cyanobacteria, but it was not clearly followed in picoeukaryotes. This study aims to relate copper tolerance to the geographic location sites of sampling collection. The results obtained establish that other factors such as cell size, proximity to the coast and copper concentration in situ are considered to have a greater influence than the fact of belonging to a determined location site.[ES] Con el fin de estudiar el efecto tóxico del cobre en las microalgas marinas, se llevaron a cabo ensayos de toxicidad (72 h) con poblaciones naturales de picofitoplancton. Poblaciones procedentes de distintas localizaciones geográficas (mar Mediterráneo y océano Atlántico), cubriendo, aproximadamente en la longitud de 30ºO, latitudes comprendidas entre 32º14´S y 29º10´N. El análisis inicial de las muestras permitió distinguir las poblaciones predominantes de cada estación de muestreo, a exponer en los ensayos de toxicidad. En resumen, un grupo de cianobacterias procedentes de las muestras costeras resultaron ser las más sensibles, y un segundo grupo de picoeucariotas, tomadas de la superficie del océano Atlántico, las más tolerantes al cobre. El análisis del ensayo se llevó a cabo mediante citometría de flujo lo que permitió estudiar otros parámetros celulares, aparte de la densidad celular. Pudiendo observar, en el caso de las cianobacterias, un incremento de la tolerancia al cobre con incremento de su tamaño celular; que no resultó tan evidente en el caso del grupo de picoeucariotas. Finalmente, al relacionar la tolerancia al cobre con las poblaciones procedentes de distintas localizaciones geográficas de muestreo podemos concluir que, otros factores, tales como: el tamaño celular, proximidad a costa, o concentraciones del metal in situ, pueden tener una mayor influencia que la localización geográfica de la población.This work has been supported by the Spanish CICYT (Spanish Commission for Research and Development) in the contract of the project PETRI 95-0971.Peer reviewe

Hepatitis C Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors, Anyang, China

Hepatitis C virus screening was conducted among 8,226 residents 25–65 years of age in 4 counties of China; virus prevalence was 0.9%. A subsequent case–control study indicated blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] 4.55), esophageal balloon examination (OR 3.78), and intravenous injection (OR 5.83) were associated with infection

Bamboo-like Chained Cavities and Other Halogen-Bonded Complexes from Tetrahaloethynyl Cavitands with Simple Ditopic Halogen Bond Acceptors

Halogen bonding provides a useful complement to hydrogen bonding and metal-coordination as a tool for organizing supramolecular systems. Resorcinarenes, tetrameric bowl-shaped cavitands, have been previously shown to function as efficient scaffolds for generating dimeric capsules in both solution and solid-phase, and complicated one-, two-, and three-dimensional frameworks in the solid phase. Tetrahaloethynyl resorcinarenes (bromide and iodide) position the halogen atoms in a very promising crown-like orientation for acting as organizing halogen-bond donors to help build capsules and higher-order networks. Symmetric divalent halogen bond acceptors including bipyridines, 1,4-dioxane, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane are very promising halogen bond accepting partners for creating these systems. This report describes the complex structures arising from combining these various systems including self-included dimers, herringbone-packed architectures enclosing medium (186 Å3) cavities, and a very intriguing bamboo-like one-dimensional rod with large (683 Å3) cavities between adjacent dimeric units. These various structures, all organized through host-host, host-acceptor, and host-solvent interactions highlight the emergent complexity of these types of complexes. As halogen bonds are weaker than hydrogen-bonds, the resulting architectures are harder to predict, and these results provide additional insight into the parameters requiring consideration when designing crystalline supramolecular systems using halogen-bonds as the core organizing principle

Analysis of own experience of studying at the university

Проведено критичний аналіз власного досвіду навчання за п’ять курсів  та зроблено пропозиції щодо покращення навчального процесу. Critical analysis of own experience of studying for five courses was conducted and suggestions for improvement of the educational process were made

Halogen-bonded solvates of tetrahaloethynyl cavitands

The formation and structures of halogen-bonded solvates of three different tetrahaloethynyl cavitands with acetone, chloroform, acetonitrile, DMF and DMSO were prepared and investigated. The inclusion and host-guest behaviour of the resorcinarene cavitands was found to be highly dependent on the flexibility of the ethylene-bridging unit