Traditional market gardens and historical irrigation in Andalusia. Heritage bases, evolutionary dynamics and territorial keys for their present-day recovery

Esta comunicación se inscribe en un programa de investigación sobre las posibilidades de recuperación y perspectivas de futuro de las huertas tradicionales y regadíos históricos de Andalucía emprendido por un grupo de investigadores de la Universidad de Sevilla. Su objetivo es trasladar a la comunidad académica unas primeras reflexiones de este trabajo; a saber: 1) una somera descripción de sus rasgos patrimoniales y paisajísticos originarios, asociados a sus localizaciones primigenias; 2) un repaso de los procesos en los que estos espacios se han visto inmersos y sus resultados territoriales; y 3) unos primeros apuntes sobre las perspectivas funcionales que se abren a estas viejas agriculturas, derivadas de la asunción de nuevos marcos teórico-normativos (multifuncionalidad agraria, reconsideración de los espacios libres urbanos, Convenio Europeo del Paisaje) (REIG, 2002; FOLCH, 2003; CONSEJO DE EUROPA, 2000) y relacionadas con sus pautas actuales de localizaciónThis communication forms part of a research programme undertaken by a research group at the University of Seville on the possibility of recovering traditional market gardens and historical irrigation in Andalusia, and their future prospects. The purpose is to transmit some first reflections on this topic to the academic community, to be specific: 1) a compendium of the original heritage and landscape features of the original forms of irrigation connected with their original sites; 2) a review of the processes that they have been subject to (urban expansion, agro-rural crises, and the implementation of new irrigation), and 3) an outline of the prospects and possibilities of recovery for these old types of agriculture on the basis of their enduring landscape and heritage and compliance with differentiated functionalities connected with their current siting patterns

Recognition and Defensive Behavior of Nannotrigona testaceicornis Workers (Lepeletier, 1836) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Intra and Inter-colonial Bioassays

Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1836) is a stingless bee with wide distribution in the Brazilian territory. Despite its importance in meliponiculture and pollination, there are still few behavioral studies related to the species. The aim of this work was to characterize the recognition and defense behaviors in intraspecific bioassays carried out in N. testaceicornis colonies. Intra and inter-colonial bioassays were carried out with six colonies from different locations. The number of occurrences of each behavioral act, latency measures, and duration of confrontations were quantified. An ethogram with eight behavioral acts and two categories was elaborated. The acceptance rate was significantly higher in intra-colonial confrontations and the rejection rate was higher in inter-colonial confrontations. The rejection process was significantly higher than the acceptance process, which may be related to the specific behavioral repertoire of each process. Results indicate that the presence of an intraspecific intruder triggers an aggressive response from guards positioned in the colony access tube

Regeneración de la planta de papa (Solanum Tuberosum L.) In Vitro a partir del estolón

El crecimiento poblacional y el incremento en la demanda de vegetales para satisfacer los requerimientos nutrimentales de la propia población son cada vez m·s altos, tal es el caso de la papa (Sola- num tuberosum L.). Al no existir la cantidad de pro- ducto con la calidad necesaria para consumo hu- mano e industrial, se hace necesario implementar mecanismos para incrementar la producciÛn. Se realizaron estudios para encontrar el medio de cultivo adecuado para desarrollar la tuberizaciÛn in vitro. Se emplearon esquejes de tallo y estolones de plantas provenientes de invernadero e in vitro. Los esquejes se mantuvieron por espacio de 30 dÌas en condiciones de iluminaciÛn. Los resultados demos- traron que es posible regenerar la planta de papa a partir de estolón, siempre y cuando provenga de esquejes in vitro, puesto que los que provienen de plantas de invernadero mostraron una fuerte ten- dencia a formar tubÈrculos, en medio MS con 8% de sacarosa, 1/10 de la concentración normal de nitratos y en ausencia de GA3. Los mejores tubÈrcu- los obtenidos correspondieron a los tubÈrculos in- ducidos bajo iluminaciÛn procedentes de pl·ntulas in vitro. El an·lisis electroforÈtico de proteÌnas por medio de SDS-PAGE mostro la presencia de patatina (40-45 kDa) particularmente en plántulas in vitro. Mediante Western blot se logro identificar la pre- sencia de proteÌnas de aproximadamente 18 kDa, en tubÈrculos almacenados durante 30 dÌas

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTES FROM SEPTAGE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT TRUCKS IN THE FEDERAL DISTRICT, BRAZIL

AbstractIn the Federal District of Brazil, the cleaning waste from on-site sanitation facilities is transported by septage trucks to sewage treatment plants (STPs) to be treated in conjunction with sewage. This research aimed to characterize the waste from septage trucks that were discharged in the two STPs in Brasilia, Federal District of Brazil. The methodology included the characterization (sampling and laboratory tests) of waste samples collected from septage trucks that discharged waste at the two STPs in Brasília, and the collection of information on the origin of this waste and the frequency of cleaning the on-site sanitation units. Great variability was found in the frequency of cleaning cesspools and septic tanks. The cleaning of the on-site sanitation facilities took place daily in some places and monthly in the remaining sites, and eventually, facilities with annual cleaning were reported. The characteristic that had the lowest variation coefficient was the pH. The presence of large concentrations of oils and greases in the residues of the septage trucks is a major inconvenience. The results obtained contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of waste from septage trucks, its management and proper treatment.Keywords: septage; grease trap waste; septage collection and transport truck; oil and grease. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS DOS CAMINHÕES LIMPA-FOSSAS NO DISTRITO FEDERAL, BRASILResumoNo Distrito Federal, os resíduos da limpeza das instalações de tratamento descentralizado de esgoto são transportados por caminhões limpa-fossas para as estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs) para serem tratados em conjunto com o esgoto. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar os resíduos de caminhões limpa-fossas que descarregaram nas duas ETEs de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil. A metodologia incluiu a caracterização (amostragem e exames laboratoriais) de amostras de resíduos coletadas dos caminhões limpa-fossas que descarregaram lodo de fossa nas duas ETEs de Brasília, e a coleta de informações sobre a origem desses resíduos e a frequência de limpeza das unidades de tratamento descentralizado de esgoto. Encontrou-se grande variabilidade nas frequências de limpeza de fossas e tanques sépticos. A limpeza das instalações de tratamento descentralizado de esgotos ocorria diariamente em alguns locais e mensalmente nos demais e, eventualmente, foram registradas instalações com limpeza anual. O pH foi a característica que apresentou o menor coeficiente de variação. A presença de grandes concentrações de óleos e graxas nos resíduos dos caminhões limpa-fossas é um grande inconveniente. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para o conhecimento das características dos resíduos de caminhões limpa-fossas, sua gestão e tratamento adequado.Palavras-chave: lodo de fossas e tanques sépticos; resíduos de caixas de gordura; caminhões limpa-fossas; óleos e graxas

PERFORMANCE OF A PILOT PLANT FOR CONDITIONING OF SEPTAGE TO BE TREATED IN A SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

This work evaluated the behaviour of a Pilot Plant to receive and pre-treat septage collected and transported by trucks from decentralized sewage treatment systems and greasy residues from grease traps. This Pilot Plant was installed at the Brasília Sul Sewage Treatment Plant and was composed of a grid, equalization tank, rotating screen, crusher and a Central Unit for separating settleable solids (SetS) and floating solids, mainly oils and greases (O&G). The Central Unit consists of an adaptation of an aerated grit chamber to receive intermittent loads of septage dumped from trucks. The Central Unit was tested in four operating modes to investigate the influence of the presence of greasy residues and aeration in the initial third of the length of its chamber: Mode 1 - Central Unit without aeration and receiving only septage; Mode 2 - Central Unit with aeration and receiving only septage; Mode 3 - Central Unit without aeration and receiving mixtures of greasy residues and septage; and Mode 4 - Central Unit with aeration and receiving mixtures of greasy residues and septage. It was verified that there is a tendency of the Central Unit to behave better when receiving mixtures of septage and greasy residues. Comparing Modes 1 and 2, Mode 2 showed only 6% more O&G removal than Mode 1, on average. Comparing Modes 3 and 4, Mode 4 reached 32% more removal of O&G than Mode 3, on average. However, the use of aeration was not statistically significant. The Pilot Plant on average reduced 72% of O&G and 90% of SetS in Modes 1 and 2, and 95% of O&G and 90% of SetS in Modes 3 and 4

Manejo de los materiales plásticos reciclados y mejoramiento de sus propiedades

El presente artículo hace un estudio de lo que es un material plástico reciclado y susaplicaciones. Se inicia con una revisión del concepto de material plástico, sus propie-dades, aspectos y aplicaciones. Adicionalmente, se listan los materiales plásticos másempleados comercialmente y los que se están desarrollando con el fin de reducir elimpacto en el medio ambiente. Posteriormente se hace una revisión de las metodologíasexistentes tanto a nivel mecánico como químico para el procesamiento de los materialesplásticos reciclados, con el fin de obtener objetos de material reciclado, combustibles uotro tipo de plásticos. Finalmente, se hace el planteamiento de una alternativa para elmejoramiento de su calidad

Tele-rehabilitación cardiaca en tiempos de pandemia. Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular-INCOR

Objective. Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) programs based on telehealth are an alternative in the context of a pandemic and represent an opportunity to continue in the intervention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The present study aims to evaluate the effect of a Cardiac Tele-Rehabilitation (CTR) program on quality of life, anxiety/depression index, exercise safety and Level Of disease awareness in patients discharged from a national referral institute in times of pandemic. Methods. A pre-experimental study in cardiac patients who entered the cardiac rehabilitation program at INCOR from August to December 2020. The study included low-risk patients who were administered a questionnaire (on cardiovascular disease, exercise safety, anxiety/depression, and quality of life) at the beginning and end of the program, which was applied through a virtual platform. Descriptive and comparative before-after analysis was used through hypothesis testing. Results. Sixty-four patients were included (71.9% male). The mean age was 63.6 ±11.1 years. Regarding exercise safety, an increase in the mean score was found after the application of the program (3.06 ± 0.8 to 3.18 ± 0.7, p=0.324). Concerning anxiety, the mean score was reduced from 8.61 to 4.75, while for depression, the reduction was from 7.27 to 2.92. Regarding the quality-of-life score, the global component improved from 111.48 to 127.92. Conclusions. The CTR program implemented through a virtual platform during the COVID-19 pandemic enhanced quality of life and decreased stress and depression in cardiac patients discharged from a national cardiovascular referral center.Objetivo. Los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca (RC) basados en telesalud son una alternativa en el contexto de pandemia y representa una oportunidad para continuar en la intervención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). El presente estudio pretende evaluar el efecto de un programa de telerrehabilitación cardiaca (TRC) en la calidad de vida, índice de ansiedad/depresión, seguridad del ejercicio y nivel de conocimiento de la enfermedad en pacientes dados de alta de un instituto de referencia nacional en tiempos de pandemia. Metodología. Estudio pre-experimental en pacientes cardiópatas que ingresaron al programa de rehabilitación cardíaca en el INCOR durante agosto a diciembre del 2020. Se incluyó pacientes de bajo riesgo en quienes se aplicó un cuestionario (sobre enfermedades cardiovasculares, seguridad del ejercicio, ansiedad/depresión y calidad de vida) al inicio y al finalizar el programa, el cual fue aplicado a través de una plataforma virtual. Se utilizó análisis descriptivo y comparativo antes-después a través de pruebas de hipótesis. Resultados. Se incluyeron 64 pacientes (71,9% varones). La edad promedio fue 63,6 ±11,1 años, En cuanto a la seguridad del ejercicio, se encontró un incremento en la media de la puntuación tras la aplicación del programa (3,06 ± 0,8 a 3,18 ± 0,7, p=0,324). En relación con la ansiedad, la media del puntaje se redujo de 8,61 a 4,75, mientras que para la depresión la reducción fue de 7,27 a 2,92. En cuanto al puntaje de calidad de vida, el componente global mejoró de 111,48 a 127,92. Conclusiones. El programa de TRC implementado a través de una plataforma virtual durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 mejoró la calidad de vida, disminuyó el estrés y la depresión en pacientes cardiópatas dados de alta de un centro de referencia nacional cardiovascular

Democracia en el Estado de México: fortalezas y debilidades

En toda interacción humana puede estar presente el poder. Por tanto, todas las formas de interacción humana son susceptibles de catalogarse como democráticas o como autoritarias (e incluso híbridas, cuando conjugan elementos democráticos y autoritarios). En la interacción democrática o bien está ausente el poder o bien éste es ejercido con tolerancia y con apego a normas preestablecidas. En la interacción autoritaria prevalece la intolerancia, la arbitrariedad y la violencia

Zero-inflated Poisson regression models for QTL mapping applied to tick-resistance in a Gyr × Holstein F2 population

Now a days, an important and interesting alternative in the control of tick-infestation in cattle is to select resistant animals, and identify the respective quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and DNA markers, for posterior use in breeding programs. The number of ticks/animal is characterized as a discrete-counting trait, which could potentially follow Poisson distribution. However, in the case of an excess of zeros, due to the occurrence of several noninfected animals, zero-inflated Poisson and generalized zero-inflated distribution (GZIP) may provide a better description of the data. Thus, the objective here was to compare through simulation, Poisson and ZIP models (simple and generalized) with classical approaches, for QTL mapping with counting phenotypes under different scenarios, and to apply these approaches to a QTL study of tick resistance in an F2 cattle (Gyr × Holstein) population. It was concluded that, when working with zero-inflated data, it is recommendable to use the generalized and simple ZIP model for analysis. On the other hand, when working with data with zeros, but not zero-inflated, the Poisson model or a data-transformation-approach, such as square-root or Box-Cox transformation, are applicable