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НЕМЕЦКИЙ ЯЗЫКУЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСОБИЯУчебно-методическое пособие включает текстовый материал по формированию и совершенствованию навыков и умений монологической и диалогической речи по устным темам, а также аутентичные тексты для формирования навыков и умений чтения и понимания оригинальной литературы по специальности "стоматология"

Passive Intermodulation in Metal-to-Metal Contacts Caused by Tunneling Current

Passive intermodulation (PIM) by metal contacts limits the bandwidth and capacity of radio links used in mobile and satellite communications. In this work, we investigate the effect of nonlinearities in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) contacts and their effects on PIM generation. An analytical expression is obtained for the tunneling current density which has an error of $\sim$ 1.6% in the case of a very thin insulator and low voltages in MIM junctions. The presented analytical model of the contact surfaces with the fractal geometry is used to simulate PIM products of third-order (PIM3) and fifth-order (PIM5) versus the contact resistance and applied pressure. The simulation results are validated experimentally by an open-ended rectangular coaxial structure with a slotted enclosure. The measurement results demonstrate that the presented model predicts the PIM with a mean error of about 4.8 dB when the contact pressure varies from 0.5 to 1.7 MPa

Suitability Of Nitisinone In Alkaptonuria 1 (SONIA 1): an international, multicentre, randomised, open-label, no-treatment controlled, parallel-group, dose-response study to investigate the effect of once daily nitisinone on 24-h urinary homogentisic acid excretion in patients with alkaptonuria after 4 weeks of treatment.

BACKGROUND: Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a serious genetic disease characterised by premature spondyloarthropathy. Homogentisate-lowering therapy is being investigated for AKU. Nitisinone decreases homogentisic acid (HGA) in AKU but the dose-response relationship has not been previously studied. METHODS: Suitability Of Nitisinone In Alkaptonuria 1 (SONIA 1) was an international, multicentre, randomised, open-label, no-treatment controlled, parallel-group, dose-response study. The primary objective was to investigate the effect of different doses of nitisinone once daily on 24-h urinary HGA excretion (u-HGA24) in patients with AKU after 4 weeks of treatment. Forty patients were randomised into five groups of eight patients each, with groups receiving no treatment or 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg and 8 mg of nitisinone. FINDINGS: A clear dose-response relationship was observed between nitisinone and the urinary excretion of HGA. At 4 weeks, the adjusted geometric mean u-HGA24 was 31.53 mmol, 3.26 mmol, 1.44 mmol, 0.57 mmol and 0.15 mmol for the no treatment or 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg and 8 mg doses, respectively. For the most efficacious dose, 8 mg daily, this corresponds to a mean reduction of u-HGA24 of 98.8% compared with baseline. An increase in tyrosine levels was seen at all doses but the dose-response relationship was less clear than the effect on HGA. Despite tyrosinaemia, there were no safety concerns and no serious adverse events were reported over the 4 weeks of nitisinone therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study in patients with AKU, nitisinone therapy decreased urinary HGA excretion to low levels in a dose-dependent manner and was well tolerated within the studied dose range. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: EudraCT number: 2012-005340-24. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCTO1828463

Smärtupplevelse och träningsmetoder hos barn och ungdomar som tävlar i bouldering. : En retrospektiv enkätstudie under 2016 på klättrande barn och ungdomar i Sverige

Bakgrund: Idag finns en begränsad vetskap hur svenska elitsatsande barn och ungdomar som klättrar upplever smärta i fingrarna eller vilka träningsvanor de har. Detta kan leda till ökad risk av överbelastningsskador. En ökning av stressfrakturer på fingrarnas tillväxtzoner i de yngre åldrarna visar en felaktig utveckling. Fingerträning bör inte förekomma hos barn och ungdomar under 18 år. Syfte: Att kartlägga barn och ungdomars upplevda smärta i fingrarna och deras träningsvanor samt att undersöka samband mellan smärtupplevelse och träningsvanor. Material och metod: Utövarna har fyllt i en enkät gällande smärtupplevelse i fingrarna under 2016. Vidare undersöktes specifik fingerträning och övriga träningsvanor. Deltagarna delades in i ålderskategorier 9-13 år samt 14-19 år och kön. Resultat: Utav 86 deltagare genomförde 63 enkätundersökningen. Majoriteten 68.3 % använde specifika fingerträningsmetoder. Hos pojkar och den äldre ålderskategorin hade 30 % upplevt så mycket smärta i fingrarna att det påverkat deras träning negativt. 79.4 % av deltagarna tar hjälp av tränare. Det fanns ett starkt signifikant positivt samband (r = 0.355) mellan antalpass per vecka och upplevelse av smärta i fingrarna. Det var även en starkt signifikant negativ korrelation (r =-0.450) mellan att ta hjälp av tränare och ålder. Konklusion: Majoriteten av deltagarna använder sig av specifik fingerträning trots rekommendationerna att inte använda detta. Hälften upplever någon forma av smärta i fingrarna. Majoriteten har en tränare, vilken har ansvar för träningen. Tränaren behöver bli bättre på att övervaka individernas träningsvanor och deras fysiska status. Föräldrar, individ och tränaren behöver samarbeta bättre för säkrare träningsformer.Background: There is limited knowledge of Swedish young elite level climbers and their experienced pain in the fingers and training habits. An increased expose of an overload injuries is at risk. Epiphyseal fractures of fingers growth zones reveals that the sport is developing in an unwanted way. Despite recommendations of specific finger training should not be a part of the training it is still common. Objective: To identify experience of pain in the fingers and training habits and to analyze the relationship between pain perception and exercise habits. Materials and Methods: The examined group filled out a questionnaire retrospective of their experience of pain in the fingers and exercise habits during 2016. The participants were divided into age categories (9-13 years and 14-19 years) and sex. Results: Out of a total 86 participants 63 completed the questionnaire. The majority 68.3 % used specific finger training methods. The boys and the older age group, 30 %, experienced so much pain in the fingers that it affected their training negatively. 79.4 % of participant’s took help from a coach in their training. There was a highly significant positive correlation (r=0.355) between the number of workouts per week and the experience of pain in the fingers. There was also a highly significant negative correlation between the use of trainers and age (r=-0.450). Conclusion: The majority of participants use specific finger exercise despite recommendations not to use it. Furthermore the majority have a coach. The coach is responsible for the training and need to be better of monitoring the individual's exercise habits and their physical status (injuries, strengths, weaknesses). Parents, the climber and their coach need to work better and closer together to increase safer training methods