Authentic and Fake Italian Food Products in the World

Counterfeiting is a growing and increasingly dangerous phenomenon. There has recently been an enormous growth in the illegal market for designer goods with a 'name' or trademark (counterfeit goods), as well as goods made without paying for the intellectual property rights (pirated goods). Quite apart from having economic consequences, counterfeited and pirated articles threaten the health and safety of EU citizens, their jobs, Community competitiveness, trade, and investment in research and innovation. The agrofood italian production , famous all over the world for their qualitative characteristics, it reenters among the products that are imitated. The imitation of such products certainly risks to damage the Italian productions, above all in comparison to the parameters of the quality and the food safety, both instruments of marketing used by the Italian producers in the international markets. The purpose of the paper is develop a collective understanding of the extent of the food (agro-food) counterfeit problem. The carrying out of the study foresees, initially, to consider the volumes of counterfeit commodities to world level and the politics harvest in action from the various countries to oppose this phenomenon. Subsequently the agrofood productions will be analyzed, and particularly those Italian, object of imitation trying to quantify their characteristcs and to measure its effects on the economic systems.counterfeit, Italian food production, Agribusiness,

Authentic and Fake Italian Food Products in the World

Counterfeiting is a growing and increasingly dangerous phenomenon. There has recently been an enormous growth in the illegal market for designer goods with a 'name' or trademark (counterfeit goods), as well as goods made without paying for the intellectual property rights (pirated goods). Quite apart from having economic consequences, counterfeited and pirated articles threaten the health and safety of EU citizens, their jobs, Community competitiveness, trade, and investment in research and innovation. The agrofood italian production , famous all over the world for their qualitative characteristics, it reenters among the products that are imitated. The imitation of such products certainly risks to damage the Italian productions, above all in comparison to the parameters of the quality and the food safety, both instruments of marketing used by the Italian producers in the international markets. The purpose of the paper is develop a collective understanding of the extent of the food (agro-food) counterfeit problem. The carrying out of the study foresees, initially, to consider the volumes of counterfeit commodities to world level and the politics harvest in action from the various countries to oppose this phenomenon. Subsequently the agrofood productions will be analyzed, and particularly those Italian, object of imitation trying to quantify their characteristcs and to measure its effects on the economic systems

mGlu3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Target for the Treatment of Absence Epilepsy: Preclinical and Human Genetics Data

Previous studies suggest that different metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes are potential drug targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy. However, no information is available on mGlu3 receptors. Objective To examine whether (i) abnormalities changes of mGlu3 receptor expression/signaling are found in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus of WAG/Rij rats developing spontaneous absence seizures; (ii) selective activation of mGlu3 receptors with LY2794193 affects the number and duration of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats; and (iii) a genetic variant of GRM3 (encoding the mGlu3 receptor) is associated with absence epilepsy.Background Previous studies suggest that different metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes are potential drug targets for treating absence epilepsy. However, no information is available on mGlu3 receptors. Objective To examine whether (i) changes of mGlu3 receptor expression/signaling are found in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus of WAG/Rij rats developing spontaneous absence seizures; (ii) selective activation of mGlu3 receptors with LY2794193 affects the number and duration of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats; and (iii) a genetic variant of GRM3 (encoding the mGlu3 receptor) is associated with absence epilepsy. Methods Animals: immunoblot analysis of mGlu3 receptors, GAT-1, GLAST, and GLT-1; real-time PCR analysis of mGlu3 mRNA levels; assessment of mGlu3 receptor signaling; EEG analysis of SWDs; assessment of depressive-like behavior. Humans search for GRM3 and GRM5 missense variants in 196 patients with absence epilepsy or other Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE)/ Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) and 125,748 controls. Results mGlu3 protein levels and mGlu3-mediated inhibition of cAMP formation were reduced in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex of pre-symptomatic (25-27 days old) and symptomatic (6-7 months old) WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched controls. Treatment with LY2794193 (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced absence seizures and depressive-like behavior in WAG/Rij rats. LY2794193 also enhanced GAT1, GLAST, and GLT-1 protein levels in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. GRM3 and GRM5 gene variants did not differ between epileptic patients and controls. Conclusion We suggest that mGlu3 receptors modulate the activity of the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuit underlying SWDs and that selective mGlu3 receptor agonists are promising candidate drugs for absence epilepsy treatment

mGlu3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Target for the Treatment of Absence Epilepsy: Preclinical and Human Genetics Data

Abstract: Background: Previous studies suggest that different metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes are potential drug targets for treating absence epilepsy. However, no information is available on mGlu3 receptors. Objective: To examine whether (i) changes of mGlu3 receptor expression/signaling are found in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus of WAG/Rij rats developing spontaneous absence seizures; (ii) selective activation of mGlu3 receptors with LY2794193 affects the number and duration of spike- wave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats; and (iii) a genetic variant of GRM3 (encoding the mGlu3 receptor) is associated with absence epilepsy. Methods: Animals: immunoblot analysis of mGlu3 receptors, GAT-1, GLAST, and GLT-1; real- time PCR analysis of mGlu3 mRNA levels; assessment of mGlu3 receptor signaling; EEG analysis of SWDs; assessment of depressive-like behavior. Humans: search for GRM3 and GRM5 missense variants in 196 patients with absence epilepsy or other Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE)/ Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) and 125,748 controls. Results: mGlu3 protein levels and mGlu3-mediated inhibition of cAMP formation were reduced in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex of pre-symptomatic (25-27 days old) and symptomatic (6-7 months old) WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched controls. Treatment with LY2794193 (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced absence seizures and depressive-like behavior in WAG/Rij rats. LY2794193 also enhanced GAT1, GLAST, and GLT-1 protein levels in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. GRM3 and GRM5 gene variants did not differ between epileptic patients and controls. Conclusion: We suggest that mGlu3 receptors modulate the activity of the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuit underlying SWDs and that selective mGlu3 receptor agonists are promising candidate drugs for absence epilepsy treatment