syn-5,10,15-Tris(dichloro­meth­yl)-5,10,15-trihy­droxy-5H-diindeno­[1,2-a:1′,2′-c]fluorene dichloro­methane 0.82-solvate

The title compound, C30H18Cl6O3·0.82CH2Cl2, consists of a slightly cup-shaped seven-ring truxene nucleus with hy­droxy and dichloro­methyl substituents at stereocenters 5R/S, 10R/S and 15R/S. C—Cl distances are in the range 1.759 (4)–1.783 (3) Å. Solvent channels parallel to the b axis appear to be partially occupied by highly disordered dichloro­methane solvent mol­ecules, the contribution of which were removed from the refinement with the SQUEEZE procedure in PLATON [Spek (2009 ▶). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155]. Only one of the OH groups forms a hydrogen bond, which is inter­molecular to another OH group, forming centrosymmetric dimers in the crystal

Primary accumulation in the Soviet transition

The Soviet background to the idea of primary socialist accumulation is presented. The mobilisation of labour power and of products into public sector investment from outside are shown to have been the two original forms of the concept. In Soviet primary accumulation the mobilisation of labour power was apparently more decisive than the mobilisation of products. The primary accumulation process had both intended and unintended results. Intended results included bringing most of the economy into the public sector, and industrialisation of the economy as a whole. Unintended results included substantial economic losses, and the proliferation of coercive institutions damaging to attainment of the ultimate goal - the building of a communist society

Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Impulsive Decision Making

This study examined the transdiagnostic effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on impulsive decision making in a community sample. Forty adults were randomized to eight individual sessions of ACT or an inactive control. Participants completed pre-, mid-, and post-assessments for psychological symptoms, overall behavior change, valued living, delay discounting, psychological flexibility, and distress tolerance. Data were analyzed with multilevel modeling of growth curves. Significant interaction effects of time and condition were observed for psychological flexibility, distress tolerance, psychological symptoms, and the obstruction subscale of valued living. No significant interaction effect was found for two delay discounting tasks nor the progress subscale of valued living. The ACT condition had a significantly larger reduction of problem behavior at post-assessment. The results support use of ACT as a transdiagnostic treatment for impulsive behaviors. The lack of change in delay discounting contrasts previous research

Mechanisms controlling anaemia in Trypanosoma congolense infected mice.

Trypanosoma congolense are extracellular protozoan parasites of the blood stream of artiodactyls and are one of the main constraints on cattle production in Africa. In cattle, anaemia is the key feature of disease and persists after parasitaemia has declined to low or undetectable levels, but treatment to clear the parasites usually resolves the anaemia. The progress of anaemia after Trypanosoma congolense infection was followed in three mouse strains. Anaemia developed rapidly in all three strains until the peak of the first wave of parasitaemia. This was followed by a second phase, characterized by slower progress to severe anaemia in C57BL/6, by slow recovery in surviving A/J and a rapid recovery in BALB/c. There was no association between parasitaemia and severity of anaemia. Furthermore, functional T lymphocytes are not required for the induction of anaemia, since suppression of T cell activity with Cyclosporin A had neither an effect on the course of infection nor on anaemia. Expression of genes involved in erythropoiesis and iron metabolism was followed in spleen, liver and kidney tissues in the three strains of mice using microarrays. There was no evidence for a response to erythropoietin, consistent with anaemia of chronic disease, which is erythropoietin insensitive. However, the expression of transcription factors and genes involved in erythropoiesis and haemolysis did correlate with the expression of the inflammatory cytokines Il6 and Ifng. The innate immune response appears to be the major contributor to the inflammation associated with anaemia since suppression of T cells with CsA had no observable effect. Several transcription factors regulating haematopoiesis, Tal1, Gata1, Zfpm1 and Klf1 were expressed at consistently lower levels in C57BL/6 mice suggesting that these mice have a lower haematopoietic capacity and therefore less ability to recover from haemolysis induced anaemia after infection

Wall-Crossing in Coupled 2d-4d Systems

We introduce a new wall-crossing formula which combines and generalizes the Cecotti-Vafa and Kontsevich-Soibelman formulas for supersymmetric 2d and 4d systems respectively. This 2d-4d wall-crossing formula governs the wall-crossing of BPS states in an N=2 supersymmetric 4d gauge theory coupled to a supersymmetric surface defect. When the theory and defect are compactified on a circle, we get a 3d theory with a supersymmetric line operator, corresponding to a hyperholomorphic connection on a vector bundle over a hyperkahler space. The 2d-4d wall-crossing formula can be interpreted as a smoothness condition for this hyperholomorphic connection. We explain how the 2d-4d BPS spectrum can be determined for 4d theories of class S, that is, for those theories obtained by compactifying the six-dimensional (0,2) theory with a partial topological twist on a punctured Riemann surface C. For such theories there are canonical surface defects. We illustrate with several examples in the case of A_1 theories of class S. Finally, we indicate how our results can be used to produce solutions to the A_1 Hitchin equations on the Riemann surface C.Comment: 170 pages, 45 figure

Precipitation sensitivity to autoconversion rate in a numerical weather-prediction model

Aerosols are known to significantly affect cloud and precipitation patterns and intensity, but these interactions are ignored or very simplistically handled in climate and numerical weather-prediction (NWP) models. A suite of one-way nested Met Office Unified Model (UM) runs, with a single-moment bulk microphysics scheme was used to study two convective cases with contrasting characteristics observed in southern England. The autoconversion process that converts cloud water to rain is directly controlled by the assumed droplet number. The impact of changing cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) on cloud and precipitation evolution can be inferred through changes to the autoconversion rate. This was done for a range of resolutions ranging from regional NWP (1 km) to high resolution (up to 100 m grid spacing) to evaluate the uncertainties due to changing CDNC as a function of horizontal grid resolution. The first case is characterised by moderately intense convective showers forming below an upper-level potential vorticity anomaly, with a low freezing level. The second case, characterised by one persistent stronger storm, is warmer with a deeper boundary layer. The colder case is almost insensitive to even large changes in CDNC, while in the warmer case a change of a factor of 3 in assumed CDNC affects total surface rain rate by ~17%. In both cases the sensitivity to CDNC is similar at all grid spacings <1 km. The contrasting sensitivities of these cases are induced by their contrasting ice-phase proportion. The ice processes in this model damp the precipitation sensitivity to CDNC. For this model the convection is sensitive to CDNC when the accretion process is more significant than the melting process and vice versa