161 research outputs found

    Phylogénie moléculaire du genre Salix L. (Salicaceae) en Amérique du Nord

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    La culture de saules (Salix sp.) est une pratique courante en Europe et en AmĂ©rique du Nord pour produire de la biomasse vĂ©gĂ©tale. Cependant, le dĂ©veloppement d’outils molĂ©culaires est trĂšs rĂ©cent. De plus, la phylogĂ©nie des saules est incomplĂšte. Il y a un manque d’information pour les programmes de sĂ©lection d'espĂšces indigĂšnes et pour la comprĂ©hension de l’évolution du genre. Le genre Salix inclut 500 espĂšces rĂ©parties principalement dans les rĂ©gions tempĂ©rĂ©es et borĂ©o-arctique de l’hĂ©misphĂšre nord. Nous avons obtenu l’ensemble des espĂšces retrouvĂ©es naturellement en AmĂ©rique (121 indigĂšnes et introduites). Dans un premier temps, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© de nouveaux outils molĂ©culaires et mĂ©thodes : extraction d’ADN, marqueurs microsatellites et gĂšnes nuclĂ©aires. Puis, nous avons sĂ©quencĂ© deux gĂšnes chloroplastiques (matK et rbcL) et la rĂ©gion ITS. Les analyses phylogĂ©nĂ©tiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es selon trois approches : parcimonie, maximum de vraisemblance et BayĂ©sienne. L’arbre d’espĂšces obtenu a un fort support et divise le genre Salix en deux sous-genres, Salix et Vetrix. Seize espĂšces ont une position ambiguĂ«. La diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique du sous-genre Vetrix est plus faible. Une phylogĂ©nie molĂ©culaire complĂšte a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie pour les espĂšces amĂ©ricaines. D’autres analyses et marqueurs sont nĂ©cessaires pour dĂ©terminer les relations phylogĂ©nĂ©tiques entre certaines espĂšces. Nous affirmons que le genre Salix est divisĂ© en deux clades.Fast growing willows (Salix sp.) are increasingly used in Europe and North America for biomass production and other environmental applications. However, the development of molecular tools is recent. The phylogeny of willows is incomplete, which slows down the selection of suitable native species and the development of improvement programs. The genus Salix includes approximately 500 species worldwide, and these are mainly located in temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. We gathered leaf material from all 121 willows of North America (species native and introduced). We developed three molecular tools-methods: DNA extraction, SSR markers, and nuclear genes. We sequenced two chloroplast genes matK and rbcL and the ITS region. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The species tree provides strong support for a division of the genus into two subgenera, Salix and Vetrix. Sixteen species have ambiguous positions. A complete molecular phylogeny of American willows has been established. It needs to be confirmed and further resolved using other molecular data. Nonetheless, the genus clearly has two clades

    Spectral and wavelet analysis of an aero-acoustic feedback loop in a transonic outflow valve based on Schlieren imaging

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    International audienceOn commercial aircrafts, the adequate pressure ratio between the cabin and the exterior is regulated with circular outflow valves. At an operating pressure ratio equivalent to 17000ft in altitude, a tonal noise is observed at 11kHz and higher harmonics. A feedback loop is believed to be responsible for this tonal noise and it is studied on an extruded two-dimensional mock-up representative of the outflow valves including the sealing steps. A spectral analysis is performed on the Schlieren images in terms of pixel intensity for each pixel independently. This accentuates the aliasing phenomena of the higher harmonics when studying the maximum power spectral density. In order to highlight different patterns in the flow, phase maps are computed with respect to a particular pixel at 11kHz and harmonics. Last, the feedback mechanism is visible between the sealing step and the valve with the application of a novel wavelet-based technique on the Schlieren images

    Fuzzy Query By Example

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    International audienceThis paper describes Fuzzy Query By Example, an approach helping users retrieve data without any prior knowledge of the database schema or any formal querying language. The user is solicited to evaluate, in a binary way, pre-selected items of the database. We provide a characterization-based strategy that identifies the properties shared by the examples (resp. counterexamples) positively (resp. negatively) evaluated by the user. These properties are expressed using linguistic terms from a fuzzy vocabulary to ensure that the user has a good understanding of the inferred query

    Active Flow Control in a Radial Vaned Diffuser for Surge Margin Improvement: A Multislot Suction Strategy

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    This work is the final step of a research project that aims at evaluating the possibility of delaying the surge of a centrifugal compressor stage using a boundary-layer suction technique. It is based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes numerical simulations. Boundary-layer suction is applied within the radial vaned diffuser. Previous work has shown the necessity to take into account the unsteady behavior of the flow when designing the active flow control technique. In this paper, a multislot strategy is designed according to the characteristics of the unsteady pressure field. Its implementation results in a significant increase of the stable operating range predicted by the unsteady RANS numerical model. A hub-corner separation still exists further downstream in the diffuser passage but does not compromise the stability of the compressor stage

    Kilometer range filamentation

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    International audienceWe demonstrate for the first time the possibility to generate long plasma channels up to a distance of 1 km, using the terawatt femtosecond T&T laser facility. The plasma density was optimized by adjusting the chirp, the focusing and beam diameter. The interaction of filaments with transparent and opaque targets was studied

    Industry-Scale Orchestrated Federated Learning for Drug Discovery

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    To apply federated learning to drug discovery we developed a novel platform in the context of European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) project MELLODDY (grant n{\deg}831472), which was comprised of 10 pharmaceutical companies, academic research labs, large industrial companies and startups. The MELLODDY platform was the first industry-scale platform to enable the creation of a global federated model for drug discovery without sharing the confidential data sets of the individual partners. The federated model was trained on the platform by aggregating the gradients of all contributing partners in a cryptographic, secure way following each training iteration. The platform was deployed on an Amazon Web Services (AWS) multi-account architecture running Kubernetes clusters in private subnets. Organisationally, the roles of the different partners were codified as different rights and permissions on the platform and administrated in a decentralized way. The MELLODDY platform generated new scientific discoveries which are described in a companion paper.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, to appear in AAAI-23 ([IAAI-23 track] Deployed Highly Innovative Applications of AI

    Identification de propriétés viscoélastiques de matériaux polymÚres par mesures de champs de réponses en fréquence de structures

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    This work deals with a mixed experimental numerical method for linear viscoelastic material parameter identification. These parameters are complex and frequency dependent. Identication is performed using a direct and non parametric approach. In this goal, two identification methods adapted to frequency response fields measurements treatment are presented. These datas are durectly exploited, without any experimental modal analysis. Experimental fields are obtained using a vibrometer and numerical ones with finite element method. A brick element dedicated to thin/thick structures analysis is employed. Appications are performed using simple plates or sandwich plates. Results are also compared to DMA measurements and identified modal parameters.Ce travail prĂ©sente une mĂ©thode mixte expĂ©rimentale-numĂ©rique traitant des mesures mĂ©caniques rĂ©alisĂ©es sur structures pour l’identification de propriĂ©tĂ©s matĂ©riau viscoĂ©lastiques linĂ©aires. Les caractĂ©ristiques de ces matĂ©riaux sont complexes et dĂ©pendent de la frĂ©quence et nous cherchons Ă  les identifier par une approche directe et non paramĂ©trique. Pour cela, deux mĂ©thodes d’identification adaptĂ©es au traitement des mesures de champs de rĂ©ponses en frĂ©quences sont prĂ©sentĂ©es. Cellesci utilisent les donnĂ©es frĂ©quentielles, sans analyse modale expĂ©rimentale. Les champs expĂ©rimentaux sont obtenus par vibromĂštrie laser et les champs numĂ©rique par la mĂ©thode des Ă©lĂ©ments finis. Nous utilisons un modĂšle volumique adaptĂ© Ă  l’étude des structures minces et Ă©paisses pour l’analyse numĂ©rique. Les applications se basent sur des plaques simples ou multicouches. Les rĂ©sultats sont corrĂ©lĂ©s avec des mesures DMA et des identifications Ă  partir de donnĂ©es modales identifiĂ©es

    Rendre les systÚmes de bases de données plus coopératifs à l'aide de la théorie des ensembles flous

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    In this thesis, we are interested in how we can leverage fuzzy logic to improve the interactions between relational database systems and humans. Cooperative answering techniques aim to help users harness the potential of DBMSs. These techniques are expected to be robust and always provide answer to users. Empty set (0,00 sec) is a typical example of answer that one may wish to never obtain. The informative nature of explanations is higher than that of actual answers in several cases, e.g. empty answer sets and plethoric answer sets, hence the interest of robust cooperative answering techniques capable of both explaining and improving an answer set. Using terms from natural language to describe data --- with labels from fuzzy vocabularies --- contributes to the interpretability of explanations. Offering to define and refine vocabulary terms increases the personalization experience and improves the interpretability by using the user's own words. We propose to investigate the use of explanations in a cooperative answering setting using three research axes: 1) in the presence of a plethoric set of answers; 2) in the context of recommendations; 3) in the context of a query/answering problem. These axes define cooperative techniques where the interest of explanations is to enable users to understand how results are computed in an effort of transparency. The informativeness of the explanations brings an added value to the direct results, and that in itself represents a cooperative answer.Dans ces travaux de thĂšse nous proposons de tirer parti de la thĂ©orie des ensembles flous afin d'amĂ©liorer les interactions entre les systĂšmes de bases de donnĂ©es et les utilisateurs. Les mĂ©canismes coopĂ©ratifs visent Ă  aider les utilisateurs Ă  mieux interagir avec les SGBD. Ces mĂ©canismes doivent faire preuve de robustesse : ils doivent toujours pouvoir proposer des rĂ©ponses Ă  l'utilisateur. Empty set (0,00 sec) est un exemple typique de rĂ©ponse qu'il serait dĂ©sirable d'Ă©radiquer. Le caractĂšre informatif des explications de rĂ©ponses est parfois plus important que les rĂ©ponses elles-mĂȘmes : ce peut ĂȘtre le cas avec les rĂ©ponses vides et plĂ©thoriques par exemple, d'oĂč l'intĂ©rĂȘt de mĂ©canismes coopĂ©ratifs robustes, capables Ă  la fois de contribuer Ă  l'explication ainsi qu'Ă  l'amĂ©lioration des rĂ©sultats. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de termes de la langue naturelle pour dĂ©crire les donnĂ©es permet de garantir l'interprĂ©tabilitĂ© des explications fournies. Permettre Ă  l'utilisateur d'utiliser des mots de son propre vocabulaire contribue Ă  la personnalisation des explications et amĂ©liore l'interprĂ©tabilitĂ©. Nous proposons de nous intĂ©resser aux explications dans le contexte des rĂ©ponses coopĂ©ratives sous trois angles : 1) dans le cas d'un ensemble plĂ©thorique de rĂ©sultats ; 2) dans le contexte des systĂšmes de recommandation ; 3) dans le cas d'une recherche Ă  partir d'exemples. Ces axes dĂ©finissent des approches coopĂ©ratives oĂč l'intĂ©rĂȘt des explications est de permettre Ă  l'utilisateur de comprendre comment sont calculĂ©s les rĂ©sultats proposĂ©s dans un effort de transparence. Le caractĂšre informatif des explications apporte une valeur ajoutĂ©e aux rĂ©sultats bruts, et forme une rĂ©ponse coopĂ©rative
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