Vp/Vs-ratios and anisotropy on the northern Jan Mayen Ridge, North Atlantic, determined from ocean bottom seismic data

In order to gain insight into the lithology and crustal evolution of the northern Jan Mayen Ridge, North Atlantic, the horizontal components of an Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) dataset were analyzed with regard to Vp/Vs-modeling and seismic anisotropy. The modeling suggests that the northernmost part of the ridge consists of Icelandic type oceanic crust, bordered to the north by anomalously thick oceanic crust formed at the Mohns spreading ridge. The modeled Vp/Vs-ratios suggest variations in gabbroic composition and present-day temperatures in the area. Anisotropy analysis reveals a fast S-wave component along the Jan Mayen Ridge. This pattern of anisotropy is most readily interpreted as dikes intruded along the ridge, suggesting that the magmatism can be related to the development of a leaky transform since Early Oligocene

OBTAINING LOWER AND UPPER BOUNDS ON THE VALUE OF SEASONAL CLIMATE FORECASTS AS A FUNCTION OF RISK PREFERENCES

A methodological approach to obtain bounds on the value of information based on an inexact representation of the decision makerÂ’s utility function is presented. Stochastic dominance procedures are used to derive the bounds. These bounds provide more information than the single point estimates associated with traditional decision analysis approach to valuing information, in that classes of utility functions can be considered instead of one specific utility function. Empirical results for valuing seasonal climate forecasts illustrate that the type of management strategy given by the decision makerÂ’s prior knowledge interacts with the decision makerÂ’s risk preferences to determine the bounds.Risk and Uncertainty,

Crustal structure between the Knipovich Ridge and the Van Mijenfjorden (Svalbard)

The Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Research, the University of Bergenand the Hokkaido University acquired new seismic refraction data along a transect fromthe Knipovich Ridge to the inner Van Mijenfjorden in southern Svalbard. A close spacing ofon- and offshore receivers and a dense marine shot pattern provide the data for a high resolutionp-wave velocity model for geological interpretation. Additional new seismic reflection data(University of Bergen) yield structural information for a more reliable analysis.Crustal thickness along the Van Mijenfjorden is 33 to 34 km. Seismic velocities of 5.0 km/sare observed within the upper crustal section of the Tertiary Central Spitsbergen Basin.A Paleozoic sedimentary basin with a depth of 8 to 10 km is associated with the Nordfjorden Block.The seismic velocities are up to 6.0 km/s. Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are expected furtherto the west of the Hornsund Lineament since seismic velocities reveal a similar range here.West of the Bellsund the continental crust thins gradually over a 90 km wide rifted zone.The velocity structure within this section is very complex and comprises zones of decreasedvelocities below the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt (down to 20 km depth) and slightly elevatedvelocities (7.2 km/s) at the crust-mantle transition. The first structure is interpreted as intensivelyfractured rocks linked to post-Late Paleocene transpressive orogenic activity and subsequentlyaffected by transtension during break-up from Greenland. The faster deep-crustal velocities aresupposed to express magmatic intrusions of an unidentified origin. Melts could either be channelled by theSpitsbergen Shear Zone from more distant sources, or originate in magmatic interaction between the northern Knipovich Ridgeand the neighbouring young rifted crust.Oceanic crust each side of the Knipovich Ridge is thin (~3.5 km) and is characterised by theabsence of oceanic layer 3 (3.5/4.1 to 4.7 km/s). The oceanic section exhibits zones of verythin crust (~1 km) that are interpreted as fracture zones. Beneath these we observed decreasedmantle velocities (~7.3 km/s) indicating probable serpentinization of peridotites along thesefracture zones. Thickness variations further provide information about the segmentationand magma supply along the northern Knipovich Ridge

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES PROVIDED BY SEASONAL CLIMATE FORECASTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Use of seasonal climate forecasts is a rapidly evolving area. Effective research and application of climate forecasts require close cooperation between scientists in diverse disciplines and decision makers. Successful collaboration requires all players to at least partially understand each other's perspectives. Issues associated with seasonal forecasts, through a selected review of both physical and social sciences literature, is presented. Our hope is that the review will improve research in this area by stimulating further collaborations.climate forecasts, review, value of information, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, D80, D81, O30, Q00,

Fett og omega 3 til hest : kilder, potensiell virkning og bruksområde

Bruk av mer fett i fôr til hest har i nyere tid blitt vanligere enn før. Fett gir en mulighet til å øke energikonsentrasjonen i fôret, og samtidig redusere inntaket av NSC, som sukker og stivelse. Mange hester er avhengig av mer energi enn det grovfôret gir, og har behov for supplering med kraftfôr. Det er også mange hester som sliter med blant annet ulike fordøyelsesproblemer, og magesår er svært vanlig blant prestasjonshest. Redusering av NSC til fordel for noe fett vil kunne hjelpe for mange, fordi fett har en høyere energikonsentrasjon enn andre fôrmidler, slik at kraftfôrmengden kan reduseres men allikevel gi samme energiinntak, eller øke energiinntaket uten å øke volumet på rasjonen. Omega 3 har blitt populært blant mennesker og interessen for omega 3 øker også til hest. Det har påståtte egenskaper som betennelsesdempende, virke smørende på ledd, bra for hud og hår, og å være bra for immunforsvaret. Omega 3 og omega 6 konkurrerer om de samme enzymene og inkorporering i cellemembranens fosfolipider. I og med at tilgangen på omega 6 er større enn omega 3, vil man få en større andel omega 6 enn omega 3. Omega 6 gir større inflammatoriske responser enn omega 3, men de har begge sine funksjoner og bidrar til den samlede responsen. Derfor er forholdet sett på som viktig. Det naturlige fettinnholdet i grovfôr og mange typer korn er lavt, og derfor spekuleres det i om det kan være nødvendig å tilsette fett i hestens rasjon for å få et tilstrekkelig opptak av fettløselige vitaminer. Det finnes anbefalinger for omega 6 og omega 3 for å unngå negative effekter, men det er ikke etablert optimale anbefalinger hverken på fett, omega 6 eller omega 3 for hest.Use of horse feeds high in fat has recently become more common than it has in a while. Fat provides a possibility to increase energy density in the diet, while reducing the intake of NSC, like sugar and starch. Many horses need more energy than roughage provides and require additional supplementation with concentrates. There are also many horses who are struggling with various digestive problems, and gastric ulcers are very common among performance horses. Reducing the NSC in favor of fat could help reduce this issues, and fat contributes with more energy than other nutrients, therefore the amouth of feed can be reduced but still provide the same energy intake, if some of the NSC is replaced with fat, or the energy content can be increased without increasing the volume. Omega 3 has become popular among people, and the interest in omega 3 for horses also increases. It is for example suggested to be anti-inflammatory, lubricating for joints, good for the hair and skin, and to be good for the immune system. Omega 3 and omega 6 competes for the same enzymes, and incorporation into cell membrane phospholipids. If the supply of omega 6 is greater than omega 3, one will get an abundance of omega 6. Omega 6 provides greater inflammatory responses than omega 3, but they both have their functions and contributes to the overall response. The ratio is therefore seen upon as important. The content of fat naturally found in forage and many types of grains are low and therefore there is some speculation that it may be necessary to add fat to obtain a sufficient absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. There are recommendations for omega 6 and omega 3 to avoid negative effects, but it is not established an optimal recommendations either in fat, omega 6 or omega 3 for horse.M-H

William Daniell’s “Periplus”: Littoral Travel and Aesthetic Representation in Scotland and Asia

Among the most pervasive visual characterizations of Scotland’s shores are those produced by William Daniell for A voyage round Great Britain (1814–1825), a monumental project comprising more than three hundred aquatints. Daniell worked as a colonial artist in and around South Asia prior to taking on extensive depiction of the domestic landscape. This essay not only explores the relationship between his imagery of littoral sites in Asia and Britain, but juxtaposes Daniell’s project with poetry and prose by Sir Walter Scott and a little-known essay by Reverend William Gilpin to ascertain the artist’s commitment to both picturesque and Romantic discourse. It is demonstrated here that Daniell’s imagery of Scotland’s coastline has a good deal in common with his own published representations of sites along the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, not because of actual similarities of topography but due instead to the discursive frameworks he employed.Parmi les caractérisations les plus populaires des côtes écossaises, on trouve celles produites par William Daniell pour A voyage round Great Britain (1814-1825), projet monumental qui comprend plus de trois cents aquatintes. Daniell travailla comme artiste colonial en Asie du Sud avant d’entreprendre de dessiner les paysages britanniques. Cet article explore non seulement la relation entre sa manière de rendre les littoraux d’Asie et de Grande-Bretagne, mais aussi la façon dont s’enchevêtrent le projet de Daniell, la prose de Sir Walter Scott ainsi qu’un essai peu connu du révérend William Gilpin, pour démontrer l’engagement de l’artiste à la fois dans la catégorie du pittoresque et dans le romantisme. L’imagerie que Daniell déploie dans sa vision des côtes écossaises correspond de bien des manières avec les représentations qu’il a publiées de sites de l’océan Indien et de la mer de Chine, non du fait de similitudes réelles de la topographie mais plutôt à cause des structures de représentations qu’il employait

Crowning moments: Transformative populist use of the media and the case of Carl I. Hagen

This article presents the concept of a “crowning moment” and proposes an explanation for the media-savviness of many populist leaders – an under-theorised ability often referred to in existing research. A crowning moment is an instance in which populist leaders take advantage of opportunities that arise in their surroundings to achieve a or multiple major policy, political and/or personal goals through skilful use of the media that earns them recognition as savvy politicians. The concept is exemplified through an analysis of Norwegian Progress Party leader Carl I. Hagen’s role in the 1987 no-confidence motion against the Labour Party government. Stoking up and exploiting media interest in dramatic fashion, Hagen managed to redefine himself as a national political leader and made his party appear responsible.publishedVersio

The golden eagle's (Aquila chrysaetos) diet and prey handling at the nest investigated by video monitoring

A parent bird provisioning for its nestlings faces many decisions, which are important for the nestlings' survival. As the nestlings grow older, their needs and demands may change, and the parent may respond to this by altering prey selection and handling of prey before delivery at the nest. I investigated the diet and components of the breeding behaviour of the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) at the nest. Previously, the breeding diet has mainly been researched by collecting prey remains and pellets, which is largely biased. By video monitoring, the breeding diet will be estimated more accurately, and one can investigate more variables and behaviours at the nest. In this study, one golden eagle's nest in Norway was video monitored during the breeding season, from the 19th of May to the 29th of August in 2020. The breeding diet of the golden eagles consisted of 88.5 % avian prey. Mountain hares (Lepus timidus), thrushes (Turdus spp.), and ptarmigans (Lagopus spp.) were the most abundant prey in quantity and gross mass. The probability of decapitation decreased with nestling age, plucking increased with gross bird mass, and the probability of a prey being partly eaten decreased with nestling age and increased with gross prey mass. The delivery pattern of the golden eagles had one peak during the day and a probability of delivery higher than random between 09:00 and 16:00. The number of delivered prey items per day increased with nestling age, while the net delivered prey mass did not. As the female resumes hunting, the number of prey delivered will increase, but a decreasing prey mass likely cancelled the corresponding increase in delivered prey mass. The gross prey mass decreased with nestling age, and the male delivered smaller prey than the female. Also, the male had a less decreasing probability of delivering smaller prey than the female as the nestlings grew older. The probability of a delivered prey being a thrush increased with nestling age, and the male was more probable of delivering a thrush than the female. As the nestlings grew older, the female had a larger increase in the probability of delivering a thrush than the male. The probability of the nestlings handling prey unassisted increased with nestling age and decreased with net prey mass. When the nestlings were handling unassisted, the handling time increased with net prey mass. The gross handling time increased if none of the nestlings monopolised the prey. The probability of the nestlings swallowing a prey whole decreased with nestling age and net prey mass, and the probability of them plucking a bird increased with nestling age. During the nestling period, the largest nestling handled more prey mass than the smaller nestling. My study support that the golden eagle has a broad diet, which also changes through the breeding season to enable the nestlings to handle prey unassisted.M-BIO

Britain\u27s First War With Kandy: Landscape, Violence, And Conquest In Colonial Sri Lanka

Accounts of travel to Sri Lanka published during the period of British conquest (1796 through 1818) reveal a consistent yet problematic tendency: despite ongoing military conflict, visual artists constructed representations of the island as a peaceful and orderly place. The contradiction is heightened when travelers’ uniformly tranquil images of Sri Lanka are juxtaposed with documented acts of destruction to land and property, undertaken by troops during Britain’s first war with the inland kingdom of Kandy, a conflict which eventually led to the island’s complete colonization. The present study reconciles this contradiction through analysis of publications by each of five artists who shared a conception of landscape known as the picturesque, a way of seeing and ordering the natural environment rooted in the art collecting practices of elites. As the first systematic analysis of picturesque practice and discourse in early nineteenth-century Sri Lanka, this project considers descriptions of the island as a crown colony of Great Britain during the first war with Kandy, a conflict that commenced in 1802 and subsided with the departure of the first British governor, Frederic North, in 1805. Arguing that Frederic North’s commitment to the protection and development of Sri Lanka’s natural resources spurred him to engage in conflict with the Kandyan kingdom, it is demonstrated that he looked to the practices of metropolitan landowners and to the writings of Adam Smith to shape his approach to colonial governance, and that picturesque discourse, in particular, provided a familiar framework within which to envision the conquest and ordering of this Indian Ocean polity, considered strategically important to the larger purposes of the British empire. Fundamental to an understanding of the cultural milieu from which Frederic North emerged is the body of travel literature produced by artists whose conceptions of the island supported imperial conquest: Reverend James Cordiner, Henry Salt, Samuel Daniell, Maria Graham, and Lieutenant William Lyttleton. Analysis of their interests, assumptions, and concerns enlarge the discussion of colonial war, extending it beyond foreign policy and military strategy to a conversation rooted in intellectual history