South Asian women's experience of family abuse: The role of the husband's mother

This briefing explores South Asian women's experiences of family abuse, particularly the role of the husband's mother in these experiences. The author of PhD looked at abuse more generally in families and found that as well as partner abuse, abuse by the husband's mother was also a huge issue

Family abuse in Scotland : contesting universalisations and reconceptualising agency

By focusing on women’s lived experiences of family abuse, this thesis argues that state policy shows a lack of understanding of the nature of family abuse in one of Scotland’s largest minority communities: South Asian Muslims. Through a combination of a critical exploration of mainstream conceptualisations of domestic abuse, empirical research and policy analysis, I argue that by focusing on one-dimensional explanations such as gender and culture, state policy and some research evade the more practical and structural issues that operate against women. By adopting an intersectional approach, I focus on the complex interplay between factors such as socio-economic status and structural inequalities at the micro- and macro-levels bound up with experiences of family abuse. Through in-depth interviews with South Asian Muslim women, this thesis highlights the specificity and complexity of South Asian Muslim women’s experiences of family abuse within the home, framed through the impact of kinship structures and immigration status. Furthermore, my focus on the macro- as well as the micro-level brings to light structural inequalities and harmful policies, such as immigration rules, that act as additional constraints on women in abusive relationships. This thesis then examines women’s strategies and choices within abusive relationships by exploring the relationship between agency and oppression. I identify a crucial point: access to resources, such as economic support, ultimately shapes women’s strategies, including if, when and how to exit. I do not posit an overarching theory to explain family abuse, nor do I offer one key solution to the problem. I do, however, argue for nuanced and sensitive policymaking not only for South Asian women, but for all marginalised women, By underlining the specific experiences of one group of women I emphasis that needs are likely to differ in other groups of women

Ruchazie Family Centre - Evaluation, Year 1 Report 2015-2016

In 2014 the Quarriers were funded by the Big Lottery Fund (BLF) to extend their work at the Ruchazie family centre to engage more widely with parents/carers and their children. The University of Stirling was commissioned in 2015 to evaluate the programme between 2015-2019. This report is based on our initial findings from our work in the first year of the evaluation programme

“Any d*** can make a baby, but it takes a real man to be a dad”: group work for fathers

This article contributes to debates about fathers in social work by examining a group work intervention for fathers in Scotland. We present findings from observations of the ‘dad’s group’ and interviews with seven fathers and staff members. Participating in the dad’s group was found to be an expanded perception and expression of masculinity and fatherhood. The group provided a platform for the men to define and challenge understandings of fatherhood in which they developed a sense of expertise and self-belief as individuals and as fathers. We provide examples of the way that the men manoeuvre against societal barriers, in the context of disadvantage, unemployment and persistent mental health difficulties and prevailing gendered stereotypes and allow the fluid expression of manhood through engaging with non-masculine activities. In consideration of policy and practice implications, we argue that parenting support such as group work for fathers are crucial to improve parenting skills and wellbeing and positive outcomes for children. Acknowledgments. This research was funded by the Big Lottery. Thanks go to the men, staff and other users of the Family Centre for their willingness to participate in this project. Thanks to Andressa Gadda for her role in data collection, analysis and writing. Thank you to the reviewers for their very helpful and detailed comments

Understanding forced marriage in Scotland

Executive summary In September 2015, the Scottish Government commissioned a 10 month study to better understand forced marriage in Scotland. This is the first forced marriage study that focuses exclusively on Scotland. The study had three research questions: What is the level and profile of service use relating to forced marriage in Scotland? How are services responding to forced marriage in Scotland? What is the impact of the interventions for forced marriage in Scotland? Methods The study focussed on six areas: Aberdeen, Dundee, East Renfrewshire, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Highland. An analysis of forced marriage policy in each of the six case study areas was undertaken, together with interviews with Protection Leads. One-to-one semi-structured interviews were carried out with a range of professionals including police officers, social workers, legal professionals and staff from Women's Aid organisations and other third sector organisations. Eight in-depth interviews were also conducted with survivors[1] of forced marriage. Additionally, a survey was distributed to 293 organisations - schools and women's organisations in the six study areas, and Women's Aid, minority ethnic and other support organisations throughout Scotland. Key findings and recommendations Level and profile of service use Between 2011 and 2014, there were 191 cases[2] of forced marriage reported by survey respondents, with a fairly even spread across the years. Cases tended to involve young, female South Asian victims being threatened or coerced into marriage largely by their parents and extended families. Age and ethnicity were unknown for around a quarter and a fifth of cases respectively, indicating that better recording of cases is necessary. Of the cases where age was known, the majority of victims were aged 18-25, with under 18s representing around a quarter of cases and under 16s around 1 in 10 of cases. Victims were mainly from Pakistani backgrounds (more than half of cases where ethnicity was known), followed by 'other ethnicity', Indian and Black African. Just over a half of referrals came to the attention of services through referral from other organisations, with under a third self-referrals and the remainder referred by friends or family. The interviews with the eight survivors of forced marriage echo the survey findings. The age range of when the forced marriage occurred was from 14-25. For five of the eight survivors the forced marriage was contracted with one survivor being forced into marriage twice. For two of the eight women, the experience of forced marriage was recent or ongoing (within the last two years). All the survivors interviewed were South Asian. All the women received help only when they came to Scotland - whether from abroad or another of the UK nations. Responding to forced marriage in Scotland Of the professionals interviewed, the majority had little direct experience of dealing with forced marriage but showed a sound understanding of forced marriage. However, those with direct experience of supporting victims of forced marriage had a deeper and more insightful understanding of forced marriage as a process rather than an 'event'. This was reflected at a policy level where there were differing levels of ownership and maturity of forced marriage policy, and where learning from forced marriage cases was identified as a means of improving responsiveness. Most professionals were aware that forced marriage took place in a range of communities, but it was seen as largely affecting South Asian communities in Scotland. This perception was confirmed by the survey findings, which found that the majority of cases where ethnicity was recorded related to South Asian communities. In both the policy analysis element of the study and in interviews with professionals, participants drew heavily from the Scottish Government's multi-agency guidance on forced marriage. A wide range of interventions are currently offered to support victims of forced marriage, most commonly one-to-one support, central to which is risk assessment and safety planning. Person-centred approaches were often used, and the need for therapeutic and practical support was also highlighted. Two third sector agencies interviewed offered mediation (and they were of the opinion that this was an effective intervention), despite the fact that Scottish multi-agency guidance stipulates that mediation should not be attempted in forced marriage cases. In terms of the outcome of support offered, nearly half of survey respondents reported that support offered was effective, but a further third were unsure whether the support offered was effective. Reported barriers to responding to forced marriage included 'race anxiety'; a need for more robust local authority procedures for supporting adult victims of forced marriage who have capacity (i.e. who do not meet the criteria to trigger access to adult protection); a need for further regular training for professionals; and a need for increased community education/public awareness on forced marriage. Multi-agency working was discussed both as very positive but also as a barrier - due to competing priorities and processes, with some agencies having more power than others to intervene and not always utilising the expertise available via specialists. A lack of training and learning opportunities on forced marriage was also identified as a barrier to responding effectively to forced marriage, despite forced marriage training being widely available. The survey results, policy analysis in some areas and interviews with some professionals suggest that a number of agencies and areas do not consider forced marriage a relevant issue for their organisation. This indicates that even with the provision of increased training on forced marriage, it might be challenging to recruit professionals to attend. Community education was thought to be a way to raise awareness within communities to increase reporting, but this intervention can also serve as a preventive measure. Targeted interventions for different sections of communities e.g. young people and elders would need to be developed. Although there was wide publicity about the forced marriage legislation, a lack of public awareness of forced marriage was also cited as a major barrier to increasing reporting and providing support for victims. This links with survivors' accounts that they sought help from family and friends and feared contacting agencies due to perceived confidentiality issues, family pressure, uncertainty about the appropriateness of response, and uncertainty about whether what had or was happening to them warranted agency involvement. There are examples of good practice at both a policy and practice level, including meaningful connections between child and adult protection leads and violence against women leads in some areas, proactive learning, person-centred support and in-depth expertise on forced marriage. Survivors reported that they had received excellent support from third sector organisations, but their accounts of other agencies were more mixed. Impact of interventions There was widespread support for civil remedies for dealing with Forced Marriage, from professionals interviewed and survivors of forced marriage. A number of issues were identified with regard to the implementation of civil remedies, relating to: a lack of consensus about what constitutes 'sufficient' evidence to justify granting a Forced Marriage Protection Order the onus of responsibility being placed on the victim, particularly where the victim is an adult who does not meet the criteria for accessing adult protection confidentiality of the victim not always being maintained In relation to criminalisation, most professionals interviewed thought it sent a strong message to the public that forced marriage was unacceptable in Scotland. However, a number of professionals (including some who supported criminalisation) also raised concerns about the potential for forced marriage to 'go underground', as victims would not wish to criminalise their families. It is too early to say whether this concern is justified. All survivors welcomed legal protection, but most were not supportive of criminalisation. However, one survivor who had pursued an FMPO stated that criminal procedures should be used, but only as a last resort. The impact of forced marriage on survivors of forced marriage included suicidal ideation, self-harm, eating disorders and other mental health problems. Survivors were frequently denied educational opportunities, impacting on their future careers and earning capacity. On a more positive note, survivors' experiences of forced marriage had engendered within them more liberal attitudes to parenting than those that they had experienced from their own parents. Survivors' experiences of statutory service response, including recent responses in Scotland, although positive in places, was patchy. However, it should be noted that some of the women were reflecting on historic cases stretching back a couple of decades and, at times, referring to experiences that happened outside Scotland. Most of the women had had some contact with third sector specialist women's support organisations, and all reported this as an extremely positive experience, although it should be noted that most survivors were recruited through their engagement with the women's sector. For some of the women, this was the first time they had told their story; for all of them it was the first time they had received support. Recommendations 1. Develop an innovative programme of further public/community awareness-raising activity, to prevent forced marriage and to encourage increased reporting 2. Develop further regular training on forced marriage for a range of professionals (including teachers, social workers, police officers, legal professionals and mental health practitioners), and ensure appropriate staff attend and the learning is cascaded and applied 3. Support the continued development of specialist women's sector organisations 4. Support the development of forced marriage policy in local authority areas, in order to increase ownership and consistency of approach at a local policy level throughout Scotland 5. Ensure that therapeutic and practical support is available to victims of forced marriage 6. Evaluate forced marriage interventions to develop better understandings of what types of forced marriage interventions work for whom 7. Address the issues the research identified in relation to implementing forced marriage legislation 8. Strengthen the statutory guidance of the Forced Marriage etc. (Protection and Jurisdiction) (Scotland) Act (2011) to make explicit local authorities' obligations to act in all cases of Forced Marriage 9. Improve record keeping of cases of forced marriage, as information about cases is key to developing learning and for future policy developmen

Social work, poverty, and child welfare interventions

** From Crossref via Jisc Publications Router.The relationship between children's material circumstances and child abuse and neglect raises a series of questions for policy, practice, and practitioners. Children and families in poverty are significantly more likely to be the subject of state intervention. This article, based on a unique mixed‐methods study of social work interventions and the influence of poverty, highlights a narrative from practitioners that argues that, as many poor families do not harm their children, it is stigmatizing to discuss a link between poverty and child abuse and neglect. The data reveal that poverty has become invisible in practice, in part justified by avoiding stigma but also because of a lack of up‐to‐date research knowledge and investment by some social workers in an “underclass” discourse. We argue, in light of the evidence that poverty is a contributory factor in the risk of harm, that it is vital that social work engages with the evidence and in critical reflection about intervening in the context of poverty. We identify the need for fresh approaches to the harms children and families face in order to support practices that engage confidently with the consequences of poverty and deprivation.NO DIVISION23pub5171pub

Toward full integration of quantitative and qualitative methods in case study research: insights from investigating child welfare inequalities

Delineation of the full integration of quantitative and qualitative methods throughout all stages of multisite mixed methods case study projects remains a gap in the methodological literature. This article offers advances to the field of mixed methods by detailing the application and integration of mixed methods throughout all stages of one such project; a study of child welfare inequalities. By offering a critical discussion of site selection and the management of confirmatory, expansionary and discordant data, this article contributes to the limited body of mixed methods exemplars specific to this field. We propose that our mixed methods approach provided distinctive insights into a complex social problem, offering expanded understandings of the relationship between poverty, child abuse, and neglect

Left out and locked down: impacts of COVID-19 for marginalised groups in Scotland

No abstract available

The UK government’s conflicting agendas and ‘harmful’ immigration policies: shaping South Asian women’s experiences of abuse and ‘exit’

In the context of the UK government’s immigration policies, this arti- cle argues that the secondary nature of gender equality compared to the UK government’s multiculturalism and assimilation agendas has directly impacted on South Asian women’s experiences of family abuse. By drawing on the experiences of 11 Pakistani Muslim women, this article explores the manner in which immigration rules can equip perpetrators of abuse with a powerful tool of oppression, where women can be faced with threats of deportation, or be left economically destitute when leaving an abusive relationship. This article also elucidates the overlooked experiences of UK-domiciled women of South Asian heritage with husbands on a spousal visa who are also being adversely affected by these policies. By acknowledging the hidden nature of abuse, and the economic dependency that characterises women’s experiences of abuse, it is argued that the UK government must critically evaluate its immigration policies

Reframing agency in abusive contexts: beyond ‘free choice’ and ‘open resistance’

South Asian women’s experiences of family abuse are not fully understood by state policy, particularly in relation to women’s ‘choices’ in response to abuse. Leaving an abusive relationship tends to be deemed the most, if not only, appropriate response. By drawing on the experiences of 11 Pakistani Muslim women, this paper argues that these simplistic assumptions overlook the diverse strategies women employ in response to abuse. These strategies range from compliance to overt forms of resistance, and they are complex and, at times, can be counterproductive and self-destructive. However, they challenge notions of passivity, and bring to light agentive behaviour best understood in the context of subordination and oppression that created the conditions of its enactment. What is important is that this paper should not create complacency in policy makers ,by reframing women as agents perfectly capable of altering the structures and constraints within which they are embedded. This paper proposes that government policy and service provider practice be shaped by an alternative perspective on women’s agency, one that recognises ‘exit’ as laden with difficulties and consequences for abused women, and one that does not insist upon physical acts of resistance to oppression as markers of agentive behaviour