Técnicas de reconstrucción y compensación activa de frentes de onda complejos

Premi extraordinari doctorat curs 2009-2010, àmbit de CiènciesThe continuous improvements of optical design tools and manufacturing technologies of free-form optical elements, allow the creation of new complex-shaped lenses that improve the performance of traditional optical systems and make possible new optical applications. The quality of fabrication of complex-shaped lenses depends on the possibility of measurement of the shape along the manufacturing process. Moreover, the measurement of the shape of fabricated lenses is a usual quality control process conducted by the manufacturing industry to ensure the quality of commercial lenses. The measurement of complex-shaped optical surfaces has been usually done with mechanical contact stylus, to get higher resolutions within the larger dynamic range required. However, stylus devices have important drawbacks as a slow measurement speed due to make a point by point measurement, and specially the risk of damage of extremely polished surfaces of the lenses due to the drag of the stylus across them. As opposed to those mechanical contact devices of measurement, there are several non destructive optical techniques like interferometry and deflectometry based on the Shack-Hartmann sensor of spherical microlenses, which are much faster due to make a full-field measurement in a single shot. Despite this advantage, these two techniques have a more limited dynamic range of measurement than stylus devices, which does not allow to measure most complex-shaped lenses. Therefore, solutions to extend the dynamic range of those full-field optical techniques are needed, like changing the conventional Shack-Hartmann’s array of microspheres for an array of more appropriate microlenses and the compensation of the tested lens by means of “inverse” additional optical elements to reduce its complexity. Otherwise, once an optical element has been tested, it is required to finally reconstruct its shape from the discrete data obtained in the measurement. In the lenses’ field, the modal Zernike representation is commonly used to reconstruct the shape. However, to describe complex shapes with steep local changes, zonal representations fit better. Among them, it must be mentioned the B-Spline representation, which is used by the ophthalmic lenses’ manufacturers in the design and modelling of complex progressive surfaces of lenses of this type. The current thesis describes various optical solutions to measure and represent the shape of commercial complex-shaped lenses, particularly applied to progressive addition lenses personalized to the user. The developed solutions are: - It is implemented the B-Spline cubic representation to reconstruct complex wavefronts and get direct information of their local amplitudes, by means of fitting the local wavefront slopes that output from a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. It is compared the fitting quality of B-Spline and circular Zernike representations in a set of simulated wavefronts of different complexity. To quantify the fitting quality in similar conditions as experimentally, two complementary parameters which account for the differences between the reconstructed wavefront and the simulated wavefront with added noise (fitting RMS error) and between the reconstructed wavefront and the simulated wavefront without noise (wavefront RMS error) are used. The fitting quality is analyzed in terms of the degree of Zernike polynomial and in terms of the number of subzones that divides the whole wavefront domain (breakpoints) for the B-Spline representation. - It is developed a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor based on a cylindrical microlens array and a proprietary algorithm that processes the line patterns detected, to extend the dynamic range of the conventional Shack-Hartmann sensor of spherical microlenses. After making a conceptual design of the sensor and evaluating the performance of various configurations in terms of the measurement field, spatial resolution, vertical resolution and dynamic range by means of a proprietary ray trace program, two wavefront sensors are built: a first sensor with an unique array of microcylinders placed in a rotary mount that allows positioning the microcylinders in horizontal and vertical directions, and a second more evolved sensor with two equal arrays of microcylinders placed in horizontal and vertical directions, which reaches the same measurement speed as the Shack-Hartmann sensor of spherical microlenses. The sensor is applied to characterize by transmission a set of three different prescriptions commercial progressive addition lenses with designs customized to wearers that move their eyes, their head, and half the eyes and the head when doing a visual task. From the characterization process, the spatially resolved aberrations, the iso-power maps, the iso-cylinder maps and the cylinders’ axis maps of the lenses are obtained. - It is designed and built an active optics system to compensate the wavefront transmitted by complex-shaped lenses. As the active device to make the wavefront compensation, it is used a commercial phase-only modulator based on a parallel-aligned liquid crystal, which has the advantages of a high spatial resolution and an accurate response in open-loop mode. The response is characterized experimentally. As opposed to the abovementioned advantages, the phase modulator has the lack of decreasing its diffraction efficiency as increases the amplitude of the modulated phase. This means that non phase-modulated light, which corresponds to the zero order of diffraction that outputs from the modulator, is superimposed to phase-modulated light of interest. To solve this problem, a pinhole spatial filter that blocks the zero order diffraction light is implemented in the system. The active optics system is proposed as a dynamic null-test to make the quality control of complex-shaped lenses with a reduced cost in time and money over the traditional static null-tests. As a demonstration of the application, an active null-test of a commercial progressive addition lens personalized to the user with distance null power and two dioptres of addition is successfully made.Las continuas mejoras en las herramientas de diseño óptico y en las tecnologías de fabricación de formas arbitrarias (free-form) de elementos ópticos, permiten el desarrollo de nuevas lentes de formas más complejas, posibilitando nuevas aplicaciones ópticas y mejorando las prestaciones de los sistemas ópticos clásicos. Para la fabricación precisa de lentes de formas complejas es determinante la posibilidad de medida de su forma. Asimismo, la medida final de la forma de lentes fabricadas es un proceso habitual de control de calidad llevado a cabo por la industria fabricante, para garantizar la calidad de las lentes comerciales desarrolladas. La medida de superficies ópticas con formas complejas se ha llevado a cabo, tradicionalmente, con instrumentos de medida por contacto mecánico (stylus), para garantizar buenas resoluciones de medida y abarcar el gran rango dinámico normalmente necesario. No obstante, estos sistemas presentan importantes inconvenientes como la lentitud por ser una medida punto a punto, y especialmente el riesgo de dañado de las superficies extremadamente pulidas de las lentes a causa del contacto y arrastre del stylus. Frente a estos sistemas metrológicos con contacto mecánico, diferentes técnicas no destructivas de tipo óptico como las interferométricas y el sensor Shack-Hartmann clásico de microlentes esféricas, más rápidas al medir la superficie en su conjunto, se han mostrado como buenas alternativas. Aún así, estos dos métodos tienen unos rangos dinámicos de medida más limitados que los de los stylus, lo que típicamente los incapacita para medir lentes de formas complejas. Se hace por tanto necesario desarrollar soluciones para extender el rango dinámico de medida de estas técnicas ópticas de campo completo (full-field), como pueden ser la modificación del sensor Shack-Hartmann convencional de microlentes esféricas por otros tipos de microlentes más apropiados y la compensación previa de la lente a medir mediante la utilización de elementos ópticos “inversos” a ella para reducir su complejidad. Por otra parte, una vez medido un determinado elemento óptico, resulta necesario reconstruir su forma a partir de las medidas discretas obtenidas. En el ámbito de las lentes, la representación modal de polinomios circulares de Zernike es la más utilizada para reconstruir la forma medida. Sin embargo, a la hora de describir formas complejas con cambios locales importantes o formas arbitrarias, las representaciones de tipo zonal resultan más efectivas. Entre ellas, cabe destacar la representación zonal de B-Splines, que es la empleada por la industria oftálmica en el diseño y modelización de las superficies progresivas complejas de lentes de este tipo. La presente tesis describe diversas soluciones ópticas de medida y representación de las características ópticas de lentes comerciales de formas complejas, con particular aplicación a lentes oftálmicas de adición progresiva personalizadas al usuario. Las soluciones desarrolladas son las siguientes: - Se implementa la representación de B-Splines cúbicos para reconstruir frentes de onda complejos y extraer informaciones locales de amplitud, mediante ajuste de las pendientes locales medibles por un sensor de frente de onda de tipo Shack-Hartmann. Se realiza un estudio comparativo de la calidad de la anterior representación y de la representación de Zernike para ajustar diferentes frentes de onda simulados de distinta complejidad, empleándose dos parámetros complementarios para cuantificar la calidad de ajuste, que son el error del frente de onda reconstruido respecto al frente de onda simulado con ruido (error RMS ajuste) y el error del frente de onda reconstruido respecto al frente de onda simulado sin ruido (error RMS frente), de manera que se extraigan conclusiones de la calidad de ajuste en condiciones similares a las experimentales. La calidad de los ajustes se analiza en función del grado del polinomio de Zernike y del número de subzonas de división del dominio del frente de onda (breakpoints) para la representación cúbica de B-Spline. - Se desarrolla un sensor de frente de onda de tipo Shack-Hartmann basado en matrices de microlentes cilíndricas que, junto con un algoritmo de procesado de los patrones de líneas detectados que también se desarrolla, extiende el rango dinámico clásico del sensor Shack-Hartmann equivalente de microlentes esféricas. Una vez realizado el diseño conceptual del sensor y evaluadas las prestaciones metrológicas (campo de medida, resolución espacial, resolución vertical y rango dinámico) de diversas configuraciones del mismo mediante un programa propio de trazado de rayos, se construyen dos sensores: un primer sensor con una única matriz de microcilindros montada sobre un soporte rotador que permite orientar los microcilindros en las direcciones horizontal y vertical, y un segundo sensor más evolucionado con dos matrices de microcilindros horizontales y verticales, que equipara la velocidad de medida con la del sensor Shack-Hartmann convencional de microlentes esféricas. Se aplica el sensor a la caracterización por transmisión de un conjunto de lentes comerciales de adición progresiva personalizadas para personas movedoras de ojos, movedoras de cabeza y movedoras de ojos y cabeza a partes iguales, de tres prescripciones diferentes: OD 0 Ad.2, OD -1 +1 0º Ad.2, y OD -1 +1 135º Ad.2, obteniéndose las aberraciones espacialmente resueltas de las lentes, así como también sus mapas de iso-potencia, de iso-cilindro y de orientación del cilindro. - Se diseña y construye un sistema óptico de compensación activa del frente de onda transmitido por lentes con formas complejas. Como elemento activo de compensación se utiliza un modulador de fase comercial basado en un cristal líquido de moléculas paralelas, que proporciona una modulación pura de la fase (sin modulación de intensidad), una elevada resolución espacial y una respuesta de gran calidad en bucle abierto. La caracterización de dicha respuesta se realiza experimentalmente. En contrapartida a las anteriores ventajas citadas, el modulador presenta un punto débil debido a su naturaleza difractiva, apreciable en forma de un decremento en la eficiencia de difracción para altas amplitudes de modulación de fase, que se traduce en luz parásita no modulada en fase correspondiente al orden cero de difracción que se superpone a la luz modulada en fase de interés. Como solución a este problema se implementa en el sistema un filtro espacial de tipo pinhole que bloquea la luz indeseada de orden cero. El sistema de compensación activa desarrollado se propone como null-test dinámico para el control de calidad de lentes complejas, de manera que suponga una reducción de costes económicos y en tiempo respecto a las convencionales soluciones null-test estáticas. Como demostración del mismo, se lleva a cabo el null-test activo una lente comercial progresiva personalizada con potencia nula de lejos y dos dioptrías de adición.Award-winningPostprint (published version

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[EN]Porcine enteric coronaviruses include some of the most relevant viral pathogens to the swine industry such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as well as several recently identified virus such as swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) or swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV). The aim of this study is the identification and characterization of enteric coronaviruses on Spanish pig farms between 2017 and 2019. The study was carried out on 106 swine farms with diarrhea outbreaks where a viral etiology was suspected by using two duplex RT-PCRs developed for the detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses. PEDV was the only coronavirus detected in our research (38.7% positive outbreaks, 41 out of 106) and neither TGEV, SeCoV, PDCoV nor SeACoV were detected in any of the samples. The complete S-gene of all the PEDV isolates recovered were obtained and compared to PEDV and SeCoV sequences available in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree showed that only PEDV of the INDEL 2 or G1b genogroup has circulated in Spain between 2017 and 2019. Three different variants were detected, the recombinant PEDV-SeCoV being the most widespread. These results show that PEDV is a relevant cause of enteric disorders in pigs in Spain while new emerging coronavirus have not been detected so far. However, the monitoring of these virus is advisable to curtail their emergence and spread.SIThis work was supported by the program from the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA project E-RTA2015-0003-C02-02) of Spanish Government. HP, ÓM-A, and HA were supported by Spanish Government (FPU17/00466, FPU16/03485, and BEAGAL-18-106, respectively) and MG-G by Junta de Castilla y León (LE131-18)

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