Heterogentitätsindizes zur Messung der Pluralität von Lebensformen und ihre Berechnung in SPSS

'In der Diskussion um die Pluralisierung von Lebensformen ist bislang nicht versucht worden, die Heterogenität von Lebensformen quantitativ zu bestimmen. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, dieses Defizit der familiensoziologischen Forschung auszugleichen. Es werden drei Maße der Heterogenität vorgestellt, nämlich das Entropie-Maß, der Diversity-Index und der Dissimilaritätsindex. Ihre Eigenschaften werden anhand idealtypischer Verteilungen diskutiert, dem sich dann die Erläuterung ihrer Umsetzung in SPSS anschließt.' (Autorenreferat)'Despite of a long debate about an increasing heterogeneity of household types no attempt was made to measure this heterogeneity. This article aims to overcome this deficit. Three measures of heterogeneity are explained: the measure of entropy, the diversity index, and the index of dissimilarity. These measures are explained by an illustrative example. Furthermore, their computation in SPSS is shown.' (author's abstract)

Neue Befunde zur Pluralität der Lebensformen

'Obwohl die Pluralisierung der Lebensformen seit langem in der Familiensoziologie intensiv diskutiert wird, ist immer noch nicht hinreichend geklärt, in welchem Ausmaß dieser Prozess tatsächlich stattgefunden hat. Die vorliegende Studie bestimmt die Pluralität der Lebensformen in drei Schritten. Erstens wird die Pluralisierung der Lebensformen in Deutschland im historischen Zeitablauf, zweitens in der Kohortendifferenzierung und drittens im europäischen Vergleich untersucht. Die Ergebnisse belegen eine nur sehr schwache Pluralisierung der Lebensformen zwischen 1971 und 1999, bedeutsame Schwankungen der Pluralität der Lebensformen innerhalb von Kohorten entlang der Altersachse, jedoch nicht zwischen Kohorten sowie eine nahezu durchschnittlich ausgeprägte Pluralität der Lebensformen im europäischen Vergleich.' (Autorenreferat)'Although family sociologists have intensely discussed the diversification of living arrangements for a long time, there is still insufficient knowledge about the extent to which this process has actually taken place. This paper examines the diversity of living arrangements in three steps: first, a chronological documentation of the diversification of living arrangements in Germany; secondly a description of cohort differentiation; and thirdly, a comparison with other European countries. Results indicate only a very slight diversification between 1971 and 1999. There are significant changes of diversity within cohorts along the age axis, but not between cohorts. Finally, the diversity of living arrangements in Germany is shown to be near the European average.' (author's abstract

Atomic structures of TDP-43 LCD segments and insights into reversible or pathogenic aggregation.

The normally soluble TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is found aggregated both in reversible stress granules and in irreversible pathogenic amyloid. In TDP-43, the low-complexity domain (LCD) is believed to be involved in both types of aggregation. To uncover the structural origins of these two modes of β-sheet-rich aggregation, we have determined ten structures of segments of the LCD of human TDP-43. Six of these segments form steric zippers characteristic of the spines of pathogenic amyloid fibrils; four others form LARKS, the labile amyloid-like interactions characteristic of protein hydrogels and proteins found in membraneless organelles, including stress granules. Supporting a hypothetical pathway from reversible to irreversible amyloid aggregation, we found that familial ALS variants of TDP-43 convert LARKS to irreversible aggregates. Our structures suggest how TDP-43 adopts both reversible and irreversible β-sheet aggregates and the role of mutation in the possible transition of reversible to irreversible pathogenic aggregation

Factors influencing awareness of community-based shorebird conservation projects in Australia

We examine the awareness of potential volunteers (n = 360) living near nine community-based shorebird conservation projects. About half of the people sampled (54%) were unaware of the nearest project. Awareness of interviewees varied substantially among projects (28-78%). Apart from gaining awareness of projects through membership of natural history groups (43%), many respondents heard of projects through friends and relatives (20%), rather than through media such as newspapers (14%) and television (2.3%). We demonstrate that community-based projects can be quantitatively and critically assessed for awareness. The use of rapid, cost-effective assessments of awareness levels has application in many conservation projects. <br /

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: A Spiral Magnetic Field in a Hub-filament Structure, Monoceros R2

We present and analyze observations of polarized dust emission at 850 μm toward the central 1 7 1 pc hub-filament structure of Monoceros R2 (Mon R2). The data are obtained with SCUBA-2/POL-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) as part of the B-fields in Star-forming Region Observations survey. The orientations of the magnetic field follow the spiral structure of Mon R2, which are well described by an axisymmetric magnetic field model. We estimate the turbulent component of the magnetic field using the angle difference between our observations and the best-fit model of the underlying large-scale mean magnetic field. This estimate is used to calculate the magnetic field strength using the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method, for which we also obtain the distribution of volume density and velocity dispersion using a column density map derived from Herschel data and the C18O (J = 3 - 2) data taken with HARP on the JCMT, respectively. We make maps of magnetic field strengths and mass-to-flux ratios, finding that magnetic field strengths vary from 0.02 to 3.64 mG with a mean value of 1.0 \ub1 0.06 mG, and the mean critical mass-to-flux ratio is 0.47 \ub1 0.02. Additionally, the mean Alfv\ue9n Mach number is 0.35 \ub1 0.01. This suggests that, in Mon R2, the magnetic fields provide resistance against large-scale gravitational collapse, and the magnetic pressure exceeds the turbulent pressure. We also investigate the properties of each filament in Mon R2. Most of the filaments are aligned along the magnetic field direction and are magnetically subcritical

Salivary Markers for Oral Cancer Detection

Oral cancer refers to all malignancies that arise in the oral cavity, lips and pharynx, with 90% of all oral cancers being oral squamous cell carcinoma. Despite the recent treatment advances, oral cancer is reported as having one of the highest mortality ratios amongst other malignancies and this can much be attributed to the late diagnosis of the disease. Saliva has long been tested as a valuable tool for drug monitoring and the diagnosis systemic diseases among which oral cancer. The new emerging technologies in molecular biology have enabled the discovery of new molecular markers (DNA, RNA and protein markers) for oral cancer diagnosis and surveillance which are discussed in the current review

JCMT BISTRO Survey: Magnetic Fields within the Hub-filament Structure in IC 5146

We present the 850 μm polarization observations toward the IC 5146 filamentary cloud taken using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) and its associated polarimeter (POL-2), mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, as part of the B-fields In STar forming Regions Observations. This work is aimed at revealing the magnetic field morphology within a core-scale (lesssim1.0 pc) hub-filament structure (HFS) located at the end of a parsec-scale filament. To investigate whether the observed polarization traces the magnetic field in the HFS, we analyze the dependence between the observed polarization fraction and total intensity using a Bayesian approach with the polarization fraction described by the Rice likelihood function, which can correctly describe the probability density function of the observed polarization fraction for low signal-to-noise ratio data. We find a power-law dependence between the polarization fraction and total intensity with an index of 0.56 in A V ~ 20–300 mag regions, suggesting that the dust grains in these dense regions can still be aligned with magnetic fields in the IC 5146 regions. Our polarization maps reveal a curved magnetic field, possibly dragged by the contraction along the parsec-scale filament. We further obtain a magnetic field strength of 0.5 ± 0.2 mG toward the central hub using the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method, corresponding to a mass-to-flux criticality of ~1.3 ± 0.4 and an Alfvénic Mach number of <0.6. These results suggest that gravity and magnetic field are currently of comparable importance in the HFS and that turbulence is less important

A new tool for ultra-trace analysis of radionuclides : setup, optimization and characterization of the resonant laser-SNMS system for IRS Hannover

Geochemical behavior and transport mechanisms of anthropogenic radionuclides in natural systems are of major importance to evaluate their distribution at contaminated areas and storage sites and for reliable estimation and reduction of radiation hazards for affected, inhabited areas. The research project SIRIUS focuses on the influence of the formation of radionuclide containing nanoparticles and sorption processes of radionuclides in different geological formations. The analysis of composition, spatial distribution and localization of hot particles, sorption and migration processes of trace amounts of radionuclides requires an excellent suppression of organic matrix material and isobaric contamination in combination with high spatial resolution while maintaining the natural structure of the sample. The new resonant Laser-SNMS system at the Institute for Radioecology and Radiation Protection (IRS) in Hannover was developed to meet those demands by an extension of the non-destructive spatially resolved analysis of a static TOF-SIMS with the high element selectivity of resonant laser ionization. This system was planned based on a test installation at the Institute for Nuclear Chemistry of the University Mainz. The herein presented PhD project comprises the development and installation of a dedicated Ti:sapphire laser system and the adaption, optimization and full characterization of the Laser-SNMS system as well as the first analytical measurements. The Ti:sapphire laser system was modified in collaboration with the LARISSA group at the Institute of Physics in Mainz to fulfill all requirements for laser post-ionization of a sputtered neutral particle cloud. Besides mechanical modifications of the conventional TOF.SIMS 5 by IONTOF to provide access for the focused laser beams, the operational parameters of the TOF mass analyzer required an optimization for Laser-SNMS application. The complexity of the strongly correlated operational parameters necessitated a simulation-based approach, that included the simulation of the sputtered neutral particle cloud, the complete mass analyzer geometry and the resulting ion trajectories of the laser ions through the mass spectrometer. The results of this optimization lead to a gain of Laser-SNMS ion signal and improve the measurement conditions as demonstrated during several tests with uranium, plutonium and technetium samples. The characterization measurements of synthetic samples create a solid basis for future radioanalytical tasks and enabled determination of the influence of laser ionization and of the sensitivity achievable for ultra-trace analysis. The Laser-SNMS mass spectra of synthetic uranium, plutonium and technetium samples demonstrated the expected gain for the signal-to-background ratio in comparison to conventional SIMS. First analytical measurements verify the sufficient suppression of interfering elements and molecular constituents in the sample and prove the applicability of resonant Laser-SNMS on environmental samples. Furthermore, with the ability to record the starting location of every detected resonant laser ion, it was possible to create isotope selective images of hot particles in environmental sample material.BMBF/Grundlagenforschung Energie 2020+; Nukleare Sicherheitsforschung: Entsorgung/02 NUK 044A/E