Anales de Geografía 2015, vol. 35, núm. 1 41-62 42 Tendences et perspectives de développement rural dans la province de Segovia: opportunités et limitations

La provincia de Segovia está inmersa en un proceso de transformación de sus estructuras productivas que tiene que ver, como primera manifestación, con la actividad agraria y el desarrollo rural. La calidad de las producciones alimentarias constituye una de las apuestas más seguras con la que enfocar el futuro del predominante mundo rural segoviano. En él, la dinamización económica y el progreso de la diversificación de funciones tienen que ver, más que con cualquier otra consideración, con una creciente terciarización en base a los servicios de atención a la menguante población. Son las limitaciones y las oportunidades que se ciernen sobre el desarrollo rural provincial. Tendencias apuntadas y perspectivas de futuro que encuentran en el entramado agroindustrial y en los productos agrarios de calidad su principal vector.The province of Segovia (Castilla y León, Spain) is immersed in a process of transformation of their production structures that has to do, as the first manifestation, with agricultural activity and rural development. The quality of the agro-food production is one of the safest bets with which to approach the future of predominant rural environment of Segovia. In it, the economic dynamization and progress of the diversification of functions have to do more, than any other consideration, with an increasing tertiarisation based on attention services to the decreasing population. They are the limitations and opportunities posed to the provincial rural development. Trends pointed and future perspectives found in the agroindustrial framework and quality agricultural products their main vector.Les structures productives de la province de Segovia (Castilla y León, Espagne) sont aujourd’hui en processus de transformation; ce qui est associé, premièrement, aux activités agraires et au développement rural. La qualité des productions alimentaires constitue un solide pari pour regarder l’avenir du monde rural de Segovia. La dynamisation économique et la diversification de fonctionnes y ont un lien avec une croissante tertiarisation basée sur les services; mais la population diminue. Ceux-ci sont les limitations et les opportunités du développement rural de la province. Des tendances observées et des perspectives dont le principal vecteur sont les industries agraires et leurs produits d’une qualité prouvée

New trends in education: the use of ICT in different ways

In the 21st century and due to the exponential growth of the Internet and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), people live in a technological age, in all areas and in all contexts, we have daily contact with technology, with access to Information. This dynamic requires a constant update of the services and technological tools that change the method that we study, work, communicate and socialize on an unprecedented scale. These constant changes force everyone, regardless of age, gender or profession, to possess a range of functional and critical thinking skills, such as information literacy, media literacy and technological literacy. The evolution of technologies, forces the promoters of education, to always be aware of the changes that society is introducing outside the classroom. Today, students don't have the same pattern as before, regardless of age, they are very active and are no longer the same introverted child who studied a few years ago in the classroom. According to this, students are eager for different forms of motivation inside and outside the classroom, they need the learning and teaching process to move along with changes in society and ICT. To ensure the success of today's students, it is important to provide them with the technological skills to make the correct use of ICTs, to perform tasks essential to their learning process, such as researching and selecting information, creating content, information sharing, use of collaboration tools or environment simulation tools. The main objective of this chapter is to show how ICT tools that can be used in educational environments to help students, helping them develop key skills in their training process, is also relevant to show how these tools can help teachers achieve these goals in daily activities with their students

Evaluation of educational supervision in current conditions

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer indicadores que permitan perfeccionar de manera sistemática la supervisión educativa, a partir de la reflexión de cómo debe realizarse este proceso, teniendo en cuenta la consideración de los principales cambios del entorno educativo. Con este enfoque, se establecen como ejes del análisis: la historia de la supervisión educativa, la supervisión educativa y la escuela actual, la supervisión educativa y su evaluación y finalmente se proponen indicadores para evaluar la supervisión educativa. Además, se precisa en cada eje la incidencia de la supervisión en la innovación educativa del país, a través de su actuación directa con profesores, directivos y otros sectores de la comunidadThis work aims to propose indicators to systematically improve the educational supervision from the reflection of how this process should be performed, starting from the consideration of major changes in the educational environment. With this approach, are established as axes of analysis: Brief outline of the history of the educational supervision, educational supervision and the current school, the educational supervision and evaluation and finally indicators are proposed to assess the educational supervision. Furthermore the incidence of supervision required in each axis in educational innovation in the country through direct involvement with administrators, teachers and other community sector

Development and evaluation of a mechanistic model of post-absorptive nitrogen partitioning in lactating goats

[EN] Context. Goats contribute to global warming through emission of nitrous oxide from urine and faeces. To reduce nitrogen (N) excretion, improvements of N efficiency of goats is necessary. Aims. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a dynamic mechanistic research-oriented model that explicitly represents N partition into faeces, urine and milk in dairy goats fed total mixed rations. Methods. Data from five N-balance dairy-goat experiments were used to develop a mechanistic dynamic model of post-absorptive N partition. Various representations considering either mass action or Michaelis-Menten kinetics of N usage for milk were proposed. Key results. The data for faecal and urine N responses were best fit by a straight line; whereas, data for milk N responses were best fit by curvilinear saturating curve. The model with curvilinear saturating curve had more precise parameter estimates, with the predicted N excretion in faeces (15.6 g/day), urine (15.4 g/day) and milk N output (11.7 g/day) being very close to the observed values, namely, 15.31 g N/day in faeces, 18.78 g N/day in urine and 12.24 g N/day in milk. Independent datasets with 12 studies were used to evaluate the model. The model tended to under-predict faecal N outflow at a lower N intake level and urinary N outflow at a higher N intake level, with the lowest mean bias for milk N outflow. Conclusions. The final chosen model was adequate to represent faecal, urinary and milk N outflows in dairy goats. Implications. The model has provided a mechanistic description of N usage, which is useful to frame and test hypotheses of physiological regulation of N use by goats, and focus on a more efficient transfer of dietary N into milk, reducing the N excretion in faeces and urine.This work is supported by a Climate Change Mitigation Project LIFE16/CCM/ES/000088. The authors thank Dr Ranga Appuhamy, Professor Ermias Kebreab and Professor Mark Hanigan for the many helpful recommendations in model definition, building and computer simulation-language implementation.Fernández Martínez, CJ.; Castro, J. (2020). Development and evaluation of a mechanistic model of post-absorptive nitrogen partitioning in lactating goats. Animal Production Science. 60(4):510-523. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19132510523604Aguilera, J. F., Prieto, C., & FonollÁ, J. (1990). Protein and energy metabolism of lactating Granadina goats. British Journal of Nutrition, 63(2), 165-175. doi:10.1079/bjn19900104Bava, L., Rapetti, L., Crovetto, G. M., Tamburini, A., Sandrucci, A., Galassi, G., & Succi, G. (2001). Effects of a Nonforage Diet on Milk Production, Energy, and Nitrogen Metabolism in Dairy Goats throughout Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(11), 2450-2459. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74695-4Brown, D. L., & Taylor, S. J. (1986). Deuterium Oxide Dilution Kinetics to Predict Body Composition in Dairy Goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 69(4), 1151-1155. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(86)80515-xBrun-Bellut, J., Kelly, J. M., Mathison, G. W., & Christopherson, R. J. (1991). Effect of rumen degradable protein and lactation on nitrogen metabolism in dairy goats. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 71(4), 1111-1124. doi:10.4141/cjas91-133Criscioni, P., & Fernández, C. (2016). Effect of rice bran as a replacement for oat grain in energy and nitrogen balance, methane emissions, and milk performance of Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(1), 280-290. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9472Criscioni, P., Marti, J. V., Pérez-Baena, I., Palomares, J. L., Larsen, T., & Fernández, C. (2016). Replacement of alfalfa hay ( Medicago sativa ) with maralfalfa hay ( Pennisetum sp.) in diets of lactating dairy goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 219, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.020Dennis, J. E., Gay, D. M., & Walsh, R. E. (1981). An Adaptive Nonlinear Least-Squares Algorithm. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 7(3), 348-368. doi:10.1145/355958.355965Dijkstra, J., Oenema, O., van Groenigen, J. W., Spek, J. W., van Vuuren, A. M., & Bannink, A. (2013). Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions. Animal, 7, 292-302. doi:10.1017/s1751731113000578Doepel, L., Pacheco, D., Kennelly, J. J., Hanigan, M. D., López, I. F., & Lapierre, H. (2004). Milk Protein Synthesis as a Function of Amino Acid Supply. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(5), 1279-1297. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73278-6Francoise Domngue, B. M., Dellow, D. W., Wilson, P. R., & Barry, T. N. (1991). Nitrogen metabolism, rumen fermentation, and water absorption in red deer, goats, and sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 34(4), 391-400. doi:10.1080/00288233.1991.10417682DE JESUS DOS SANTOS, E., ALBUQUERQUE PEREIRA, M. L., PEREIRA DE FIGUEIREDO, M., DE OLIVEIRA SILVA, H. G., FERREIRA DA CRUZ, J., OLIVEIRA BARRETO, F., & BORGES SOUSA, L. (2016). Crude protein levels in diets of lactating goats: nitrogen balance, urea excretion and microbial protein synthesis. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 154(6), 1102-1109. doi:10.1017/s0021859616000277Fernández, C., Martí, J. V., Pérez-Baena, I., Palomares, J. L., Ibáñez, C., & Segarra, J. V. (2018). Effect of lemon leaves on energy and C–N balances, methane emission, and milk performance in Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Journal of Animal Science, 96(4), 1508-1518. doi:10.1093/jas/sky028Fernández, C., Pérez-Baena, I., Marti, J. V., Palomares, J. L., Jorro-Ripoll, J., & Segarra, J. V. (2019). Use of orange leaves as a replacement for alfalfa in energy and nitrogen partitioning, methane emissions and milk performance of murciano-granadina goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 247, 103-111. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.11.008Harmeyer, J., & Martens, H. (1980). Aspects of Urea Metabolism in Ruminants with Reference to the Goat. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(10), 1707-1728. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)83132-8Kebreab, E., France, J., Mills, J. A. N., Allison, R., & Dijkstra, J. (2002). A dynamic model of N metabolism in the lactating dairy cow and an assessment of impact of N excretion on the environment1. Journal of Animal Science, 80(1), 248-259. doi:10.2527/2002.801248xLópez, M. C., Estellés, F., Moya, V. J., & Fernández, C. (2014). Use of dry citrus pulp or soybean hulls as a replacement for corn grain in energy and nitrogen partitioning, methane emissions, and milk performance in lactating Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(12), 7821-7832. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8424Malecky, M., Broudiscou, L. P., & Schmidely, P. (2009). Effects of two levels of monoterpene blend on rumen fermentation, terpene and nutrient flows in the duodenum and milk production in dairy goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 154(1-2), 24-35. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.07.004Molina-Alcaide, E., Morales-García, E. Y., Martín-García, A. I., Ben Salem, H., Nefzaoui, A., & Sanz-Sampelayo, M. R. (2010). Effects of partial replacement of concentrate with feed blocks on nutrient utilization, microbial N flow, and milk yield and composition in goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(5), 2076-2087. doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2628Rapetti, L., Bava, L., Tamburini, A., & Crovetto, G. M. (2005). Feeding behaviour, digestibility, energy balance and productive performance of lactating goats fed forage-based and forage-free diets. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 4(1), 71-83. doi:10.4081/ijas.2005.71Reynolds, C. K., & Kristensen, N. B. (2008). Nitrogen recycling through the gut and the nitrogen economy of ruminants: An asynchronous symbiosis1. Journal of Animal Science, 86(suppl_14), E293-E305. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0475Romero-Huelva, M., Ramos-Morales, E., & Molina-Alcaide, E. (2012). Nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial abundances, and milk yield and composition in dairy goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber waste fruits. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(10), 6015-6026. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5573Sahlu, T., Goetsch, A. ., Luo, J., Nsahlai, I. ., Moore, J. ., Galyean, M. ., … Johnson, Z. . (2004). Nutrient requirements of goats: developed equations, other considerations and future research to improve them. Small Ruminant Research, 53(3), 191-219. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.001Saltelli, A., Tarantola, S., & Chan, K. P.-S. (1999). A Quantitative Model-Independent Method for Global Sensitivity Analysis of Model Output. Technometrics, 41(1), 39-56. doi:10.1080/00401706.1999.10485594Santos, A. B., Pereira, M. L. A., Silva, H. G. O., Pedreira, M. S., Carvalho, G. G. P., Ribeiro, L. S. O., … Moreira, J. V. (2014). Nitrogen Metabolism in Lactating Goats Fed with Diets Containing Different Protein Sources. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(5), 658-666. doi:10.5713/ajas.2013.13493Sari, M., Naserian, A. A., & Valizadeh, R. (2009). Effects of abomasal pectin infusion on milk production, digestion and nitrogen utilization pattern of lactating Saanen dairy goats. 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A nutrition mathematical model to account for dietary supply and requirements of energy and other nutrients for domesticated small ruminants: The development and evaluation of the Small Ruminant Nutrition System. Small Ruminant Research, 89(2-3), 174-184. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.04

La pesca de altura en la América Española del setecientos : la fundación de la Real Compañía Marítima

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miraQA: Initial experiments in Question Answering

We present the miraQA system that constitutes MIRACLE first experience in Question Answering for monolingual Spanish and has been developed for QA@CLEF 2004. The architecture of the system is described and details of our approach to Statistical Answer Extraction based on Hidden Markov Models are presented. One run that uses last year question set for training purposes has been submitted. The results are presented together with ideas for improvement

A Preliminary Approach to the Automatic Extraction of Business Rules from Unrestricted Text in the Banking Industry

This paper addresses the problem of extracting formal statements, in the form of business rules, from free text descriptions of financial products or services. This automatic process is integrated in the banking software factory, permitting business analysts the formal specification, direct implementation and fast deployment of new products. This system is fully integrated with the typical software methodologies and architectures used in the banking industry for conventional development of back office or online applications

LORE: a model for the detection of fine-grained locative references in tweets

[EN] Extracting geospatially rich knowledge from tweets is of utmost importance for location-based systems in emergency services to raise situational awareness about a given crisis-related incident, such as earthquakes, floods, car accidents, terrorist attacks, shooting attacks, etc. The problem is that the majority of tweets are not geotagged, so we need to resort to the messages in the search of geospatial evidence. In this context, we present LORE, a location-detection system for tweets that leverages the geographic database GeoNames together with linguistic knowledge through NLP techniques. One of the main contributions of this model is to capture fine-grained complex locative references, ranging from geopolitical entities and natural geographic references to points of interest and traffic ways. LORE outperforms state-of-the-art open-source location-extraction systems (i.e. Stanford NER, spaCy, NLTK and OpenNLP), achieving an unprecedented trade-off between precision and recall. Therefore, our model provides not only a quantitative advantage over other well-known systems in terms of performance but also a qualitative advantage in terms of the diversity and semantic granularity of the locative references extracted from the tweets.Financial support for this research has been provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [grant number RTC 2017-6389-5], and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [grant number 101017861: project SMARTLAGOON]. We also thank Universidad de Granada for their financial support to the first author through the Becas de Iniciacion para estudiantes de Master 2018 del Plan Propio de la UGR.Fernández-Martínez, NJ.; Periñán-Pascual, C. (2021). LORE: a model for the detection of fine-grained locative references in tweets. Onomázein. (52):195-225. https://doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.52.111952255