Factores predictores de disfunción hepática en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral total

Introducción: La nutrición parenteral total (NPT) es una modalidad de soporte nutricional indicada en aquellas situaciones donde el enfermo no puede cubrir sus requerimientos nutricionales por vía enteral. A pesar de ser una técnica segura y eficaz no está exenta de complicaciones entre las que cabe destacar, por su frecuencia, la disfunción hepática y la hipertrigliceridemia. La etiología de ambas complicaciones metabólicas es compleja y multifactorial. Objetivos: Los principales objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de disfunción hepática e hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes adultos hospitalizados no críticos que reciben NPT a corto plazo y evaluar el efecto que una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) omega-3 ejerce sobre ambas complicaciones metabólicas. Como objetivos secundarios se propuso analizar si la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia puede ser considerada un factor intermedio en la cadena causal de la disfunción hepática. Población y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes donde se ha incluido a pacientes hospitalizados adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT y que presentaron tanto función hepática normal como alterada al inicio de la infusión parenteral. Se definió colestasis como un valor de GGT y/o FA ¿ 3 veces el límite superior de la normalidad y progresión enzimática como un incremento ¿ 3 en las cifras de GGT y/o FA entre el inicio y el final de la infusión de la NPT. Se consideró la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia cuando los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos fueron superiores a 200 mg/dl. Las emulsiones lipídicas empleadas fueron una mezcla al 50% de LCT/MCT o una combinación al 40%LCT/50%MCT/10%W3. Se recogieron variables clínicas, nutricionales y bioquímicas. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron antes del comienzo de la NPT y semanalmente hasta su retirada. Los factores predictores de disfunción hepática e hipertrigliceridemia fueron identificados mediante modelos de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: Se incluyeron 101 pacientes de los cuales el 60,5% desarrollaron colestasis, el 67,7% progresión enzimática y el 33% hipertrigliceridemia. En el análisis multivariante los factores de riesgo independientes asociados a la presencia de colestasis fueron los niveles de albumina y de HbA1c, la presencia de colestasis antes del inicio de la NPT y el aporte lipídico parenteral mayor a 0,9 gr/Kg/día. Los factores predictores que alcanzaron significación estadística para el desarrollo de hipertrigliceridemia fueron los niveles iniciales de triglicéridos, el índice de masas corporal (IMC) y un aporte parenteral de glucosa superior a 3,1 gr/Kg/día. La infusión de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida con PUFA omega-3 se asoció con un descenso no significativo del riesgo de aparición de progresión enzimática e hipertrigliceridemia. El incremento en los valores de triglicéridos fue un predictor significativo del desarrollo de progresión enzimática. Un análisis de sensibilidad con exclusión de pacientes con disfunción hepática inicial no alteró los resultados obtenidos. Conclusión: La presencia de inflamación sistémica y un aporte lipídico en exceso juegan un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la disfunción hepática observada en los pacientes adultos no críticos que reciben NPT. La administración de una emulsión lipídica enriquecida en PUFA omega-3 y un control estricto de los niveles de triglicéridos son dos estrategias que puede ejercer un efecto protector sobre la aparición de disfunción hepática e hipertrigliceridemia

Nutritional and Morphofunctional Assessment of Post-ICU Patients with COVID-19 at Hospital Discharge: NutriEcoMuscle Study

COVID-19; Intensive care units; MalnutritionCOVID-19; Unidades de cuidados intensivos; DesnutriciónCOVID-19; Unitats de cures intensives; DesnutricióThis paper presents baseline results from the NutriEcoMuscle study, a multicenter observational study conducted in Spain which focused on changes in nutritional status, body composition, and functionality in post-intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients following a nutritional intervention. Assessments at hospital discharge included Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, the Barthel index, handgrip strength (HGS) and the Timed Up-and-Go test, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and nutritional ultrasound (US). The study involved 96 patients (71.9% male, mean age 58.8 years, mean BMI 28.8 kg/m2, 36.5% obese). All patients were malnourished at discharge according to GLIM and SGA. Functional status declined from admission up to hospital discharge. A total of 33.3% of patients had a low fat-free mass index (FFMI) and 29.5% had a low phase angle (PhA). Myosteatosis was observed in 83.7% of the population. There was a positive correlation between rectus femoris cross-sectional area, PhA, FFMI, and HGS. In conclusion, post-critically ill COVID-19 patients commonly suffer from malnutrition and reduced muscle mass, causing a loss of independence at hospital discharge. BIA and US could be valuable tools for assessing body composition in these patients. The NutriEcoMuscle study highlights the need for a thorough nutritional and morphofunctional status assessment of post-ICU patients.This research was funded by Nutricia Danone SN

Fish Oil Enriched Intravenous Lipid Emulsions Reduce Triglyceride Levels in Non-Critically Ill Patients with TPN and Type 2 Diabetes. A Post-Hoc Analysis of the INSUPAR Study

There are no studies that have specifically assessed the role of intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) enriched with fish oil in people with diabetes receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The objective of this study was to assess the metabolic control (glycemic and lipid) and in-hospital complications that occurred in non-critically ill inpatients with TPN and type 2 diabetes with regard to the use of fish oil emulsions compared with other ILEs. We performed a post-hoc analysis of the Insulin in Parenteral Nutrition (INSUPAR) trial that included patients who started with TPN for any cause and that would predictably continue with TPN for at least five days. The study included 161 patients who started with TPN for any cause. There were 80 patients (49.7%) on fish oil enriched ILEs and 81 patients (50.3%) on other ILEs. We found significant decreases in triglyceride levels in the fish oil group compared to the other patients. We did not find any differences in glucose metabolic control: mean capillary glucose, glycemic variability, and insulin dose, except in the number of mild hypoglycemic events that was significantly higher in the fish oil group. We did not observe any differences in other metabolic, liver or infectious complications, in-hospital length of stay or mortality

Regular insulin added to total parenteral nutrition vs subcutaneous glargine in non-critically ill diabetic inpatients, a multicenter randomized clinical trial: INSUPAR trial

Background: There is no established insulin regimen in T2DM patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Aims: To compare the effectiveness (metabolic control) and safety of two insulin regimens in patients with diabetes receiving TPN. Design: Prospective, open-label, multicenter, clinical trial on adult inpatients with type 2 diabetes on a non-critical setting with indication for TPN. Patients were randomized on one of these two regimens: 100% of RI on TPN or 50% of Regular insulin added to TPN bag and 50% subcutaneous Gl. Data were analyzed according to intention-to-treat principle. Results: 81 patients were on RI and 80 on GI. No differences were observed in neither average total daily dose of insulin, programmed or correction, nor in capillary mean blood glucose during TPN infusion (165.3 +/- 35.4 in RI vs 172.5 +/- 43.6 mg/dL in GI; p = 0.25). Mean capillary glucose was significantly lower in the GI group within two days after TPN interruption (160.3 +/- 45.1 in RI vs 141.7 +/- 43.8 mg/dL in GI; p = 0.024). The percentage of capillary glucose above 180 mg/dL was similar in both groups. The rate of capillary glucose <= 70 mg/dL, the number of hypoglycemic episodes per 100 days of TPN, and the percentage of patients with non-severe hypoglycemia were significantly higher on GI group. No severe hypoglycemia was detected. No differences were observed in length of stay, infectious complications, or hospital mortality. Conclusion: Effectiveness of both regimens was similar. GI group achieved better metabolic control after TPN interruption but non-severe hypoglycemia rate was higher in the GI group. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Effects of Immunonutrition on Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Scoping Review

Introduction: There is a large body of evidence about immunonutrition formulas; however, there are still doubts about their usefulness in routine clinical practice as compared with standard formulas. In the age of personalized medicine, new studies appear every year regarding several types of patients; therefore, an updated point of view on these formulas is necessary. Methods: The Embase database was searched from 2016 to 14 March 2022. Our criteria were articles published in English and Spanish. The evidence quality was evaluated using GRADEpro, and the review was developed according to the PRISMA statement. Results: In this review, a total of 65 unique records were retrieved; however, 36 articles did not meet the inclusion criteria and were thus excluded. In total, 29 articles were included in the final analysis. In the last few years, many meta-analyses have attempted to identify additional existing studies of surgical patients with certain pathologies, mainly oncological patients. Immunonutrition prior to oncological surgery was shown to cause a decrease in inflammatory markers in most of the studies, and the main clinical events that changed were the infectious complications after surgery. The length of stay and mortality data are controversial due to the specific risk factors associated with these events. Conclusions: The use of immunonutrition in patients who have undergone oncological surgery decreases the levels of inflammatory markers and infectious postoperative complications in almost all localizations. However, more studies are needed to assess the use of immunonutrition based on Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols

Factores de riesgo de aparición de bacteriemia asociada al catéter en pacientes no críticos con nutrición parenteral total

Introducción: La bacteriemia asociada al catéter (BAC) es una de las complicaciones más importantes en pacientes portadores de un catéter venoso central (CVC) debido a su asociación con un incremento en la mortalidad, morbilidad y gasto sanitario. La administración de nutrición parenteral total (NPT) aumenta el riesgo de aparición de BAC. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la tasa de incidencia y los factores de riesgo de BAC en pacientes con NPT hospitalizados en plantas médico-quirúrgicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo donde se analizaron a todos los pacientes adultos no críticos que precisaron NPT desde enero de 2010 hasta noviembre de 2011. El punto final clínico fue la BAC. La tasa de incidencia de BAC se calculó en forma de episodios por cada 1.000 pacientes-día de cateterización. Los factores predictivos independientes de BAC se determinaron mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio precisaron NPT un total de 331 pacientes. La duración media del CVC fue de 12,4 (DE 8,7) días y la NPT fue infundida durante un periodo medio de 10,4 (DE 8,3) días. 47 pacientes presentaron BAC, con una tasa de incidencia de 11,4/1.000 pacientes-día de CVC y de 13,7/1.000 pacientes-día de NPT. Los factores predictores univariantes de aparición de BAC fueron la permanencia del CVC superior a 20 días (OR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,16-5,26), la duración de la NPT superior a 2 semanas (OR = 4,63; IC 95%: 2,16-9,90) y la presencia de fístulas (OR = 3,08; IC 95%: 1,24-7,63). En análisis multivariante, el único predictor independiente de BAC fue la duración de la NPT (OR para una duración superior a 14 días = 4,9; IC 95%: 2,2-10,9; p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: En pacientes adultos hospitalizados en plantas diferentes a UCI, hemos demostrado que la duración de la infusión de la NPT incrementa el riesgo de BAC. El incremento de riesgo es especialmente marcado, llegando a multiplicarse por 5, con duraciones superiores a las 2 semanas

Nutritional and Morphofunctional Assessment of Post-ICU Patients with COVID-19 at Hospital Discharge: NutriEcoMuscle Study

This paper presents baseline results from the NutriEcoMuscle study, a multicenter observational study conducted in Spain which focused on changes in nutritional status, body composition, and functionality in post-intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients following a nutritional intervention. Assessments at hospital discharge included Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, the Barthel index, handgrip strength (HGS) and the Timed Up-and-Go test, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and nutritional ultrasound (US). The study involved 96 patients (71.9% male, mean age 58.8 years, mean BMI 28.8 kg/m2, 36.5% obese). All patients were malnourished at discharge according to GLIM and SGA. Functional status declined from admission up to hospital discharge. A total of 33.3% of patients had a low fat-free mass index (FFMI) and 29.5% had a low phase angle (PhA). Myosteatosis was observed in 83.7% of the population. There was a positive correlation between rectus femoris cross-sectional area, PhA, FFMI, and HGS. In conclusion, post-critically ill COVID-19 patients commonly suffer from malnutrition and reduced muscle mass, causing a loss of independence at hospital discharge. BIA and US could be valuable tools for assessing body composition in these patients. The NutriEcoMuscle study highlights the need for a thorough nutritional and morphofunctional status assessment of post-ICU patients

Regular insulin added to total parenteral nutrition vs subcutaneous glargine in non-critically ill diabetic inpatients, a multicenter randomized clinical trial: INSUPAR trial.

There is no established insulin regimen in T2DM patients receiving parenteral nutrition. To compare the effectiveness (metabolic control) and safety of two insulin regimens in patients with diabetes receiving TPN. Prospective, open-label, multicenter, clinical trial on adult inpatients with type 2 diabetes on a non-critical setting with indication for TPN. Patients were randomized on one of these two regimens: 100% of RI on TPN or 50% of Regular insulin added to TPN bag and 50% subcutaneous GI. Data were analyzed according to intention-to-treat principle. 81 patients were on RI and 80 on GI. No differences were observed in neither average total daily dose of insulin, programmed or correction, nor in capillary mean blood glucose during TPN infusion (165.3 ± 35.4 in RI vs 172.5 ± 43.6 mg/dL in GI; p = 0.25). Mean capillary glucose was significantly lower in the GI group within two days after TPN interruption (160.3 ± 45.1 in RI vs 141.7 ± 43.8 mg/dL in GI; p = 0.024). The percentage of capillary glucose above 180 mg/dL was similar in both groups. The rate of capillary glucose ≤70 mg/dL, the number of hypoglycemic episodes per 100 days of TPN, and the percentage of patients with non-severe hypoglycemia were significantly higher on GI group. No severe hypoglycemia was detected. No differences were observed in length of stay, infectious complications, or hospital mortality. Effectiveness of both regimens was similar. GI group achieved better metabolic control after TPN interruption but non-severe hypoglycemia rate was higher in the GI group. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02706119