Trademark Licensing Agreements in Light of the EC Competition Rules

Introduction. Part I.- The notion of trademark licensing agreements and their uses: 1. Definition of trademark licensing agreements. 1.2. EC Trademark licensing provisions. 1.3. Other trademark agreements ¿ mention. 1.4. Relevant competition law provisions. Part II.- 2. Individual contractual clauses within the prohibition of art. 81(1) EEC Treaty: 2.1. Territorial protection, exclusive licensing 2.1.1. Exclusivity in trademark licensing ¿ general remarks. 2.1.2. Specific circumstances as a basis for infringement of competition rules. 2.1.3. Policy considerations with regard to exclusive licensing. 2.1.4. Legal effects of exclusivity. 2.2. Quality control, manufacturing and marketing of product. 2.3. Tie-in clauses. 2.4. No-challenge clauses. 3. Conclusion. Bibliografy.Uno de los problemas que plantean los contratos de licencia de marcas es la conciliación del interés de los contratantes con el Derecho de la competencia. Por un lado, es preciso garantizar a las partes la más amplia libertad contractual, al mismo tiempo que, no obstante, debe preservarse, por otro, la libre competencia en el mercado. El presente artículo constituye una aproximación al régimen de los contratos de licencia en dicho contexto, en el que la clave es encontrar el balance adecuado entre los legítimos intereses de los titulares de derechos sobre marcas y la protección de la competencia leal, dos conceptos que se complementan uno a otro y que constituyen elemento indispensable del mercado común Europeo.Licensing of trademarks is one of the areas where interests of trademark holders and competition rules overlap. On the one side, there is a need to guarantee to the parties the broadest possible freedom in shaping the licensing contract, on the other again, protection of other traders and of undistorted competition in the market remains the matter of concern for European authorities. The present paper provides an overview of the rules relating to trademark licensing agreements, as they were developed by the European institutions and shaped according to requirements of the EU competition law. It is to highlight the search for the right balance between legitimate interests of trademark holders and protection of fair competition, the two concepts which complement each other and which constitute an indispensable element of the Common Market

Piśmiennictwo Bolesława Prusa w opracowaniach językoznawczych

The text constitutes a detailed review of linguistic literature which is devoted to the analysis of language layer of Aleksander Głowacki writing. The author has tried to take into account the widest possible scope of studies regarding the language of the outstanding novelist. She also warned, that due to obvious reasons, she did not familiarize herself with all linguistic works regarding Prus, published in various magazines, academic writings or post-conference volumes. Presented literature covers works created between years 1918-2009. They were written in Polish and they constitute a collection of almost 70 publications concerning Prus linguistics. The books and articles were divided into 5 groups: 1. General works. 2. Works regarding vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, inflection and word formation. 3. Works regarding syntax. 4. Works regarding stylistics and stylization. 5. Other. Besides studies entirely about the language of Lalka’s author, the article also refers to many works only partially devoted to linguistic matters in Prus wor

Peryfrazy "śmierci" w tekstach Bolesława Prusa

The paper provides an analyses of periphrastic constructions connected with death, that appear in all texts (both literary and publicistic ones) by Aleksander Głowacki. It has been divided into three basic thematic units, taking into consideration the semantic categories and subcategories of the selected material: I. Periphrases of death and the process of dying. A. Death as a dream, rest, alleviation. B. Death as a migration, journey to God. a) to die – to go away, to go, to finish one’s journey; b) to die – to embark on a journey; c) to die – to get to the other side of the river, to fly away, to escape; d) to die – to be with God, to be called by God. II. Periphrases of subjects and places related to death. A. The substitute names for a cemetery. B. The substitute names for a coffin, crypt, grave. III. Summary. Periphrastic constructions were used by Prus mainly as linguistic and stylistic devices that made it possible for him to express different plots determined by their subject matter and genre. The majority of the selected periphrases reflects the creative individualism of the author of “The Doll”. Moreover, it shows his extreme gift and linguistic intuition, and makes the Prus’s style unique and exceptiona

Terminologiczno-metodologiczne dyskusje na temat idiolektu oraz idiostylu

The article represents an overview of ca. 30 works dedicated to considerations on idiolect and idiostyle and the methods proposed by linguists in order to describe individual authors’ languages properly. The text initiating such considerations is the article by Zenon Klemensiewicz published in 1946 representing the starting point for discussions taken up again and again and still unsolved. The discussions concern terminological and methodological settlings in stylistic research, focused on attempts of holistic or partial characteristics of languages of individual fiction or non-fiction authors. The authoress closes the presentation with a suggestion bringing the research methods on idiolects and idiostyle to three principal terms: methodoligicalterminological compromise, contextuality, functionalit

Ultrasound processing of liquid system(s) and its antimicrobial mechanism of action

Ultrasound creates cavitation phenomena, resulting in the formation of several free radicals, namely OH and H, due to the breakdown of the H2O molecule. These radicals affect the cellular integrity of the bacteria, causing the inactivation of several processes, and thus it is important to unravel the mechanism of action of this technology. This research looks into the application and mechanism of action of ultrasound technology as a means of disinfection by acoustic cavitation. Sterile water and synthetic waste water were inoculated with different mutants of E. coli K12 strains containing deletions in genes affecting specific functional properties of E. coli. These were: dnak soxR, soxS, oxyR, rpoS, gadA/gadB, gadC and yneL. E. coli K-12 ΔoxyR, appeared to be more resistant to the treatment together with gadW, gadX, gabT and gabD, whereas the mutant K-12 ΔdnaK was more sensitive with approximately 2.5 log (CFU/mL) reduction in comparison to their isogenic wild type E. coli K-12. This indicates that the dnaK gene participates in general stress response and more specifically to hyperosmotic stress. The other E. coli deleted genes tested (soxS, rpoS, gadB, gadC, yneL) did not appear to be involved in protection of microbial cells against ultrasoun

Vitrification of human embryos subjected to blastomere biopsy for preimplantation genetic screening produces higher survival and pregnancy rates than slow freezing. J Assist Reprod Genet,

Abstract Purpose Cryopreservation of blastocysts, especially those subjected to the trauma due to blastomere biopsy for the purposes of pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS), requires significant optimization. Laboratory and clinical outcomes were compared to determine the effect of two different cryopreservation techniques on the development of human pre-implantation embryos that underwent blastomere biopsy and blastocoel drainage prior to cryopreservation. Design Retrospective clinical study. Patient(s) Women who requested cryotransfer of supernumerary blastocysts were analyzed by FISH. Results The main outcome measures were post-thaw survival (SR), pregnancy (PR), and implantation (IR). The SR of slowly frozen blastocysts was 83% compared to 97% for vitrified blastocysts. In 160 cases where biopsied embryos were cryotransferred, the results for slowly frozen versus vitrified blastocysts were: SR (71% vs. 95%), PR (23% vs. 37%), and IR (26% vs. 36%, P<0.05), respectively. Conclusion The results revealed that vitrified blastocysts provided higher SR, PR and IR as compared to slowly frozen counterparts

Muuseumiharidusest Eesti Rahva Muuseumi rahvakultuuri koolitus- ja teabekeskuse näitel

The alignment used for the calculations of the double-domain sequences tree. (FASTA 53 kb

The profile and dynamics of RNA modifications in animals

More than a hundred distinct modified nucleosides have been identified in RNA, but little is known about their distribution across different organisms, dynamic nature and their response to cellular and environmental stress. Mass spectrometry based methods have been at the forefront of identifying and quantifying modified nucleosides. However, they often require synthetic reference standards, which do not exist for many modified nucleosides and therefore impedes their analysis. Here, we use a metabolic labeling approach to rapidly generate bio-isotopologues of the complete C. elegans transcriptome and its modifications, and use them as reference standards to characterize the RNA modification profile in this multicellular organism via an untargeted liquid-chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/HRMS) approach. We furthermore show that several of these RNA modifications have a dynamic response to environmental stress and that in particular changes in the tRNA wobble base modification 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U) lead to codon biased gene expression changes in starved animals.CRUK Wellcome Trus

Periodic actin structures in neuronal axons are required to maintain microtubules

Axons are the cable-like neuronal processes wiring the nervous system. They contain parallel bundles of microtubules as structural backbones, surrounded by regularly-spaced actin rings termed the periodic membrane skeleton (PMS). Despite being an evolutionarily-conserved, ubiquitous, highly-ordered feature of axons, the function of PMS is unknown. Here we studied PMS abundance, organisation and function, combining versatile Drosophila genetics with super-resolution microscopy and various functional readouts. Analyses with 11 different actin regulators and 3 actin-targeting drugs suggest PMS to contain short actin filaments which are depolymerisation resistant and sensitive to spectrin, adducin and nucleator deficiency - consistent with microscopy-derived models proposing PMS as specialised cortical actin. Upon actin removal we observed gaps in microtubule bundles, reduced microtubule polymerisation and reduced axon numbers suggesting a role of PMS in microtubule organisation. These effects become strongly enhanced when carried out in neurons lacking the microtubule-stabilising protein Short stop (Shot). Combining the aforementioned actin manipulations with Shot deficiency revealed a close correlation between PMS abundance and microtubule regulation, consistent with a model in which PMS-dependent microtubule polymerisation contributes to their maintenance in axons. We discuss potential implications of this novel PMS function along axon shafts for axon maintenance and regeneration