UMA NOVA PERSPECTIVA SOBRE ORGANIZAÇÃO SOCIAL EM CÃES: MODELO CONTINGENCIAL

Domestication significantly altered the dogs' cognitive ability and allowed certain social behaviors to be selected and guaranteed a wide range of possibilities in the organization and social interaction of these animals. Along with the differential of an environment shared with the human species, and given the growing scientific interest in understanding canine cognition, several theoretical models have been used to support the dynamics of canine social organization, including our relationship with them. From the first models established by Ethology, inspired by the transitional theory, to the hierarchy model of dominance, current attempts to explain canine social complexity seem far from solving or equalizing what scientific evidence has been demonstrating about this species in social terms. Even after the deconstruction of dominance models, until the emergence of theoretical alternatives, the emergence of theories that can formulate a new vision that meets the social complexity of dogs is necessary. In view of this, this article proposed a discussion of the canine social organization from the perspective of Skinner's Radical Behaviorism, for the construction of a model called contingency. Such a model presupposes the multiple ability of dogs to adapt to the social environment shared with man and, based on Behavioral Theory, to establish the bases of social dynamics involving intra and interspecies organization through the social skills that will compose the contingent social effects..A domesticação alterou significativamente a capacidade cognitiva dos cães e permitiu que certos comportamentos sociais fossem selecionados e garantissem uma grande variação de possibilidades na organização e interação social destes animais. Juntamente com o diferencial de um ambiente compartilhado com a espécie humana, e diante do crescente interesse científico em compreender a cognição canina, vários modelos teóricos têm sido utilizados para respaldar a dinâmica da organização social canina, incluindo nossa relação com eles. Desde os primeiros modelos estabelecidos pela Etologia, inspirados na teoria transicional, até o modelo de hierarquia de dominância, as atuais tentativas de explicar a complexidade social canina parecem distantes de solucionar ou equalizar o que as evidências científicas vêm demonstrando sobre esta espécie em termos sociais. Mesmo após a desconstrução dos modelos de dominância, até o surgimento de alternativas teóricas, a emergência de teorias que possam formular uma nova visão que atenda a complexidade social dos cães é necessária Diante disso, este artigo propôs uma discussão da organização social canina na perspectiva do Behaviorismo Radical de Skinner, para a construção de um modelo denominado contingencial. Tal modelo pressupõe a capacidade múltipla dos cães em adaptar-se ao ambiente social partilhado com o homem e a partir da teoria Comportamental estabelecer as bases das dinâmicas sociais envolvendo a organização intra e interespécie por meio das habilidades sociais que irão compor os efeitos contingenciais sociais

UMA DISCUSSÃO SOBRE CONTROLE AVERSIVO EM CÃES

Faced with a growing concern with the understanding of canine ethology and processes in education and training, an emerging demand reflects people's desire for improvements in the quality of interspecific social interactions. Scientific fields such as Ethology and Behavioral Psychology have gained prominence in the orientation and construction of knowledge, as well as in intervention methods, aiming for social welfare and quality in multispecies families. Among the scientific currents that give basis to this scenario, in particular, the Behaviorist approach is predominant in the current scenario. Elementary concepts of Skinner's theory and Operant Behavior such as Reinforcement and Aversive Control are constantly discussed and applied in canine education processes and clinical behavioral contexts. However, theoretical and methodological disagreements are increasingly visible, polarizing opinions and practices. In the light of the above, this discussion turns to the critics of Skinner's theory in terms of Aversive Control in the practices involving education and behavioral clinic of dogs.Diante de uma crescente preocupação com a compreensão da etologia canina e dos processos em educação e treinamento de cães, uma demanda emergente reflete o desejo das pessoas em melhorias na qualidade das interações sociais interespecíficas. Campos científicos como a Etologia e a Psicologia Comportamental, ganham destaque na orientação e construção de conhecimento, assim como nos métodos de intervenção, visando bem-estar e qualidade social nas famílias multiespécies. Dentre as correntes cientificas que dão base a este cenário, em especial, a abordagem Behaviorista é predominante no cenário atual. Conceitos elementares da teoria de Skinner e do Comportamento Operante como Reforçamento e Controle Aversivo são constantemente discutidos e aplicados nos processos de educação canina e em contextos clínico comportamental. Porém, discordâncias teóricas e metodológicas são cada vez mais visíveis, polarizando opiniões e práticas. Diante do exposto, este artigo volta-se às críticas da teoria de Skinner em termos de Controle Aversivo nas práticas envolvendo educação e clínica comportamental de cães

DERMATITE ATÓPICA: UMA DOENÇA CUTÂNEA OU SISTÊMICA?

A dermatite atópica é doença inflamatória cutânea associada à atopia, predisposição a produzir resposta IgE a alérgenos ambientais, constituindo uma das manifestações das doenças atópicas, junto com a asma e a rinite alérgica. A dermatite atópica é caracterizada por episódios recorrentes de eczema associado a prurido, acometendo superfície cutânea geneticamente alterada, induzindo, por fenômenos imunológicos, a presença de inflamação. Trata-se de doença multifatorial, com enfoque nas alterações sistêmicas e alérgicas ou nas manifestações cutâneas, de acordo com diferentes visões da doença. A conceituação da dermatite atópica é importante, porque a conduta terapêutica pode variar segundo essas duas formas diferentes de analisá-la. Autores modernos discutem extensivamente esses aspectos sem, contudo, alcançar uma conclusão sobre a dermatite atópica como doença sistêmica ou cutânea. A procura dos conceitos sobre a doença, desde os primeiros relatos, associada à evolução do pensamento na dermatologia, poderia esclarecer a origem dessas dúvidas. Uma análise histórica demonstra que a dermatite atópica tem seus conceitos atuais oriundos dos estudos de diversos pensadores, que, em diferentes momentos históricos, descreveram a doença, e que muito do que acreditamos atualmente tem, nesses escritos, seus fundamentos

Avanços da cirurgia robotica no tratamento do Câncer

A cirurgia robótica tem sido almejada por profissionais cirurgiões, visto que, é um procedimento considerado de alta eficácia, assim como, apresenta reduzidos níveis de riscos ao paciente, o que configura significativamente a qualidade elevada do procedimento médico. Logo, tem sido utilizada no tratamento cirúrgico de diversos tipos de câncer, o qual tem demonstrado melhores resultados quando comparados com procedimentos mais invasivas ou tradicionais O principal objetivo do é discutir por meio de uma revisão sistematizada da literatura acerca dos avanços da cirurgia robótica no tratamento dos demais tipos de cânceres. O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, de modo que, realizou-se buscas de na Scielo, Periódico Capes e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), através de termos específicos do Decs, o qual resultou-se em: “Neoplasias” AND “Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos” AND “Terapêutica”. Foram elegíveis um total de 8 estudos na presente revisão sistemática. Este procedimento é devidamente realizado com menores danos de incisão possível no paciente, de modo que, possibilitou a diminuição de dores pós-operatórios, além da redução de sangramentos, traumas, respostas inflamatórias, tempo de internação e até mesmo melhores resultados estéticos nos pacientes, quando comparados com os métodos mais tradicionais e invasivos

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Mapping senescence biomarkers in people living with HIV: a comprehensive scoping review

The global Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic continues to have a negative impact on health, with over 40.1 million deaths related to HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) and approximately 38.4 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) currently. The increase in access to Antiretroviral Drugs (ARVs), which grew from 2.98 million people in 2010 to 20.9 million in 2021, contributed to a 52% reduction in HIV-related mortality rates 1,2 . However, the understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV infection has advanced rapidly, revealing that its effects are not limited to the immune system, also affecting qualitative and functional aspects with various potential impacts on individuals&#39; health 3 . The infection triggers changes at the cellular and molecular levels, which, combined with genetic and environmental factors, explain clinical differences between infected and uninfected individuals 4 . This chronic state often involves complications related to cellular aging (senescence) following the initial HIV infection. This highlights the crucial need for a multidisciplinary approach to address the ongoing health challenges faced by individuals affected by the lasting effects of HIV infection. Therefore, as an objective, this study will conduct the mapping of altered senescence biomarkers in people living with HIV. This will serve as an essential tool to understand and monitor the implications of cellular aging in this population, providing valuable insights for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies and improving healthcare management for people living with HIV

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in People Living with HIV: A Scoping Review

Scoping Review to investigation the High Intensity Interval Training on People Living with HIV. People living with HIV (PLHIV) face health challenges beyond infection, including low cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and accelerated aging. Physical exercise, especially high-intensity interval training (HIIT), may be crucial in treatment, but there is little evidence about its effects in this population. This is a Scoping Review based on the PRISMA-ScR steps, including identification of the research question, relevant studies, selection, data mapping, analysis and consultation with researchers. With the PICO strategy, the question is: “What are the effects of HIIT on people living with HIV?” Intervention studies that evaluate the effects of HIIT on PLHIV will be included, excluding observational studies, reviews, editorials, books, chapters, expert opinions, dissertations, theses and conference abstracts. The search will be carried out in databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Lilacs, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus, in addition to gray literature on medRxiv. The search strategy will use controlled descriptors and keywords without language or publication period restrictions. Studies will be exported to EndNote to remove duplicates and evaluated in Rayyan by two independent, blinded reviewers. Discrepancies will be resolved by a third reviewer. Data from the selected studies will be analyzed and collected by two independent reviewers, filling out a characterization table containing information about study characteristics, population and results. A qualitative synthesis will describe the effects of HIIT on PLHIV, providing a narrative view of the data

Effects of physical activity on sarcopenia in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The present study aims to review the literature on the effectiveness of physical activity for the sarcopenia outcomes of people living with HIV