117 research outputs found
Randomized Clinical Trial of Quick-Release Bromocriptine Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Overall Safety and Cardiovascular Outcomes
Towards a Concordant Model of Halo Occupation Statistics
We use the conditional luminosity function (CLF) and data from the 2dFGRS to
constrain the average relation between light and mass in a LCDM cosmology with
Omega_m=0.23 and sigma_8=0.74 (hereafter WMAP3 cosmology). Reproducing the
observed luminosity dependence of the galaxy two-point correlation function
results in average mass-to-light ratios that are about 35 percent lower than in
a LCDM cosmology with Omega_m=0.3 and sigma_8=0.9 (hereafter WMAP1 cosmology).
This removes an important problem with previous halo occupation models which
had a tendency to predict cluster mass-to-light ratios that were too high. For
the WMAP3 cosmology our model yields average mass-to-light ratios, central
galaxy luminosities, halo occupation numbers, satellite fractions, and
luminosity-gap statistics, that are all in excellent agreement with those
obtained from a 2dFGRS group catalogue and from other independent studies. We
also use our CLF model to compute the probability distribution P(M|L_cen), that
a central galaxy of luminosity L_cen resides in a halo of mass M. We find this
distribution to be much broader than what is typically assumed in HOD models,
which has important implications for the interpretation of galaxy-galaxy
lensing data. Finally, reproducing the luminosity dependence of the pairwise
velocity dispersions in the 2dFGRS requires relatively low mass-to-light ratios
for clusters and a satellite fraction that decreases strongly with increasing
luminosity. This is only marginally consistent with our CLF constraints. We
argue that a cosmology with parameters between those of the WMAP1 and WMAP3
cosmologies is likely to yield results with a higher level of consistency.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures. Submitted for publication in MNRA
The Luminosity, Colour and Morphology dependence of galaxy filaments in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Four
We have tested for luminosity, colour and morphology dependence of the degree
of filamentarity in seven nearly two dimensional strips from the Sloan Digital
Sky Survey Data Release Four (SDSS DR4). The analysis is carried out at various
levels of coarse graining allowing us to address different length-scales. We
find that the brighter galaxies have a less filamentary distribution than the
fainter ones at all levels of coarse graining. The distribution of red galaxies
and ellipticals shows a higher degree of filamentarity compared to blue
galaxies and spirals respectively at low levels of coarse graining. The
behaviour is reversed at higher levels of coarse graining. We propose a picture
where the ellipticals are densely distributed in the vicinity of the nodes
where the filaments intersect while the spirals are sparsely distributed along
the entire extent of the filaments. Our findings indicate that the regions with
an excess of ellipticals are larger than galaxy clusters, protruding into the
filaments. We have also compared the predictions of a semi-analytic model of
galaxy formation (the Millennium Run galaxy catalogue) against our results for
the SDSS. We find the two to be in agreement for the galaxies and for
the red galaxies, while the model fails to correctly predict the filamentarity
of the brighter galaxies and the blue galaxies.Comment: 14 Pages, 2 tables, 11 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS,
new section added for a comparison with semi analytical models of galaxy
formation, substantial revisio
The Three-Point Correlation Function in Cosmology
With the advent of high-quality surveys in cosmology the full three-point
correlation function will be a valuable statistic for describing structure
formation models. It contains information on cosmological parameters and
detailed halo properties that cannot be extracted from the two-point
correlation function. We use the halo clustering model to analytically
calculate the three-point correlation function (3PCF) for general cosmological
fields. We present detailed results for the configuration dependence of the
3-dimensional mass and galaxy distributions and the 2-dimensional cosmic shear
field. We work in real space, where higher order correlation functions on small
scales are easier to measure and interpret, but halo model calculations get
rapidly intractable. Hence we develop techniques for accurate evaluations of
the 1, 2 and 3-halo contributions to the 3PCF.
The 3PCF violates the hierarchical ansatz in both its scale and configuration
dependence. We study the behavior of the coefficient Q in the hierarchical
expansion from large, quasilinear scales down to about 20 kpc. We find that the
nonlinear 3PCF is sensitive to the halo profile of massive halos, especially
its inner slope. We model the distribution of galaxies in halos and show that
the 3PCF of red galaxies has a weaker configuration and scale dependence than
the mass, while for blue galaxies it is very sensitive to the parameters of the
galaxy formation model. The 3PCF from weak lensing on the other hand shows
different scalings due to projection effects and a sensitivity to cosmological
parameters.Comment: 30 pages, 23 figures, matches final version (minor changes) to appear
in MNRA
SDSS J0903+5028: A New Gravitational Lens
We report the discovery of a new gravitationally lensed quasar from the Sloan
Digital Sky Survey, SDSS J090334.92+502819.2. This object was targeted for SDSS
spectroscopy as a Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG), but manual examination of the
spectrum showed the presence of a quasar at z= 3.6 in addition to a red galaxy
at z=0.388, and the SDSS image showed a second possible quasar image nearby.
Follow-up imaging and spectroscopy confirmed the lensing hypothesis. In images
taken at the ARC 3.5-meter telescope, two quasars are separated by 2.8
arc-seconds; the lensing galaxy is clearly seen and is blended with one of the
quasar images. Spectroscopy taken at the Keck II telescope shows that the
quasars have identical redshifts of z=3.6 and both show the presence of the
same broad absorption line-like troughs. We present simple lens models which
account for the geometry and magnifications. The lens galaxy lies near two
groups of galaxies and may be a part of them. The models suggest that the
groups may contribute considerable shear and may have a strong effect on the
lens configuration.Comment: submitted to the Astronomical Journal. 27 pages, 7 figure
Cosmological parameters from lensing power spectrum and bispectrum tomography
We examine how lensing tomography with the bispectrum and power spectrum can
constrain cosmological parameters and the equation of state of dark energy. Our
analysis uses the full information at the two- and three-point level from
angular scales of a few degrees to 5 arcminutes (50 < l < 3000), which will be
probed by lensing surveys. We use all triangle configurations, cross-power
spectra and bispectra constructed from up to three redshift bins with
photometric redshifts, and relevant covariances in our analysis.
We find that the parameter constraints from bispectrum tomography are
comparable to those from power spectrum tomography. Combining the two improves
parameter accuracies by a factor of three due to their complementarity. For the
dark energy parameterization w(a) = w0 + wa(1-a), the marginalized errors from
lensing alone are sigma(w0) = 0.03 fsky^{-1/2} and sigma(wa) = 0.1 fsky^{-1/2}.
We show that these constraints can be further improved when combined with
measurements of the cosmic microwave background or Type Ia supernovae. The
amplitude and shape of the mass power spectrum are also shown to be precisely
constrained. We use hyper-extended perturbation theory to compute the nonlinear
lensing bispectrum for dark energy models. Accurate model predictions of the
bispectrum in the moderately nonlinear regime, calibrated with numerical
simulations, will be needed to realize the parameter accuracy we have
estimated. Finally, we estimate how well the lensing bispectrum can constrain a
model with primordial non-Gaussianity.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures. Corrected typo in Equations (10) and (14).
Added the joint parameter forecasts from lensing, CMB and Type Ia supernovae
(Figures 8 and 9
PTHalos: A fast method for generating mock galaxy distributions
Current models of galaxy formation applied to understanding the large-scale
structure of the universe have two parts. The first is an accurate solution of
the equations of motion for the dark matter due to gravitational clustering.
The second consists of making physically reasonable approximations to the
behavior of baryons inside dark matter halos. The first uses large,
computationally intensive, -body simulations. We argue that because the
second step is, at least at present, uncertain, it is possible to obtain
similar galaxy distributions without solving the first step exactly. We
describe an algorithm which is several orders of magnitude faster than n-body
simulations, but which is, nevertheless, rather accurate. The algorithm
combines perturbation theory with virialized halo models of the nonlinear
density and velocity fields. For two- and three-point statistics the resulting
fields are exact on large scales, and rather accurate well into the nonlinear
regime, particularly for two-point statistics in real and redshift space. We
then show how to use this algorithm to generate mock galaxy distributions from
halo occupation numbers. As a first application, we show that it provides a
good description of the clustering of galaxies in the PSCz survey. We also
discuss applications to the estimation of non-Gaussian contributions to error
bars and covariance matrix of the power spectrum, in real and redshift space,
for galaxies and dark matter. The results for the latter show good agreement
with simulations, supporting the use of our method to constrain cosmological
parameters from upcoming galaxy surveys.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. (references added
Stiffness in total knee arthroplasty
Stiffness is a relatively uncommon complication after total knee arthroplasty. It has been defined as a painful limitation in the range of movement (ROM). Its pathogenesis is still unclear even if some risk factors have been identified. Patient-related conditions may be difficult to treat. Preoperative ROM is the most important risk factor, but an association with diabetes, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and general pathologies such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis has been demonstrated. Moreover, previous surgery may be an additional cause of an ROM limitation. Postoperative factors include infections, arthrofibrosis, heterotrophic ossifications, and incorrect rehabilitation protocol. Infections represent a challenging problem for the orthopaedic surgeon, and treatment may require long periods of antibiotics administration. However, it is widely accepted that an aggressive rehabilitation protocol is mandatory for a proper ROM recovery and to avoid the onset of arthrofibrosis and heterotrophic ossifications. Finally, surgery-related factors represent the most common cause of stiffness; they include errors in soft-tissue balancing, component malpositioning, and incorrect component sizing. Although closed manipulation, arthroscopic and open arthrolysis have been proposed, they may lead to unpredictable results and incomplete ROM recovery. Revision surgery must be proposed in the case of well-documented surgical errors. These operations are technically demanding and may be associated with high risk of complications; therefore they should be accurately planned and properly performed
Distribution Analysis of Hydrogenases in Surface Waters of Marine and Freshwater Environments
Background
Surface waters of aquatic environments have been shown to both evolve and consume hydrogen and the ocean is estimated to be the principal natural source. In some marine habitats, H2 evolution and uptake are clearly due to biological activity, while contributions of abiotic sources must be considered in others. Until now the only known biological process involved in H2 metabolism in marine environments is nitrogen fixation.
Principal Findings
We analyzed marine and freshwater environments for the presence and distribution of genes of all known hydrogenases, the enzymes involved in biological hydrogen turnover. The total genomes and the available marine metagenome datasets were searched for hydrogenase sequences. Furthermore, we isolated DNA from samples from the North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, and two fresh water lakes and amplified and sequenced part of the gene encoding the bidirectional NAD(P)-linked hydrogenase. In 21% of all marine heterotrophic bacterial genomes from surface waters, one or several hydrogenase genes were found, with the membrane-bound H2 uptake hydrogenase being the most widespread. A clear bias of hydrogenases to environments with terrestrial influence was found. This is exemplified by the cyanobacterial bidirectional NAD(P)-linked hydrogenase that was found in freshwater and coastal areas but not in the open ocean.
Significance
This study shows that hydrogenases are surprisingly abundant in marine environments. Due to its ecological distribution the primary function of the bidirectional NAD(P)-linked hydrogenase seems to be fermentative hydrogen evolution. Moreover, our data suggests that marine surface waters could be an interesting source of oxygen-resistant uptake hydrogenases. The respective genes occur in coastal as well as open ocean habitats and we presume that they are used as additional energy scavenging devices in otherwise nutrient limited environments. The membrane-bound H2-evolving hydrogenases might be useful as marker for bacteria living inside of marine snow particles
Reconstruction versus conservative treatment after rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament: cost effectiveness analysis
BACKGROUND: The decision whether to treat conservatively or reconstruct surgically a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an ongoing subject of debate. The high prevalence and associated public health burden of torn ACL has led to continuous efforts to determine the best therapeutic approach. A critical evaluation of benefits and expenditures of both treatment options as in a cost effectiveness analysis seems well-suited to provide valuable information for treating physicians and healthcare policymakers. METHODS: A literature review identified four of 7410 searched articles providing sufficient outcome probabilities for the two treatment options for modeling. A transformation key based on the expert opinions of 25 orthopedic surgeons was used to derive utilities from available evidence. The cost data for both treatment strategies were based on average figures compiled by Orthopaedic University Hospital Balgrist and reinforced by Swiss national statistics. A decision tree was constructed to derive the cost-effectiveness of each strategy, which was then tested for robustness using Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: Decision tree analysis revealed a cost effectiveness of 16,038 USD/0.78 QALY for ACL reconstruction and 15,466 USD/0.66 QALY for conservative treatment, implying an incremental cost effectiveness of 4,890 USD/QALY for ACL reconstruction. Sensitivity analysis of utilities did not change the trend. CONCLUSION: ACL reconstruction for reestablishment of knee stability seems cost effective in the Swiss setting based on currently available evidence. This, however, should be reinforced with randomized controlled trials comparing the two treatment strategies
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