De la science politique

Dans cet article, l’auteur tente de répondre de manière systématique aux questions que se posent les non-spécialistes de la science politique quant à l’utilité de cette science. Après avoir discuté de la dimension polysémique du mot politique, l’auteur s’interroge sur l’objet de la science politique et sur son existence même. Il termine en discutant des pièges qui guettent les spécialistes de l’analyse des phénomènes politiques.In this article, the author wants to answer questions asked very often by non-specialized political scientists about the utility of political science. After discussing the several meanings of the word politic, the author looks over the object of study in political science. Finally, the author looks over difficulties that might watch political scientists in their study of political phenomena

Le mouvement personnaliste français des années 1930 et sa postérité

Au delà de l’association avec Emmanuel Mounier et la Revue Esprit, le mouvement personnaliste français des années 1930 est un mouvement intellectuel et politique dont l’approche n’est pas sans rapport avec le questionnement « moderne » et « postmoderne » des sociétés contemporaines. Durant les années 1930, des jeunes intellectuels « non-conformistes » allaient former divers groupes pouvant être séparés en trois courants : la Jeune Droite, L’Ordre Nouveau et Esprit. On cherche, dans cet essai, à tracer leur parcours idéologique et par ailleurs, à faire un bilan de l’influence historique de ces mouvements personnalistes tant en France qu’à l’échelle internationale.Beyond an affinity with Emmanuel Mounier and Esprit, the French personnalist mouvement of the 1930's was an intellectual and political movement that resembled the modern and post-modern questioning of contemporary societies. During the 1930's, young non-conformist intellectuals formed goups that could be divided in three steams: la Jeune Droite, L'Ordre Nouveau and Esprit. This essay traces their ideological development and assesses the historical impact of the personnalist movement in France and internationally

Policía, sociedad y los nuevos problemas de relación.

Sin resume

El automóvil en Francia y la globalización. El caso de PSA Peugeot Citroën y de Renault

With two companies, PSA Peugeot Citröen and Renault, the French car industry seems to have understood the globalization. For a long time, she adapted itself to the changes of the economy. Nevertheless, there is no French model. PSA and Renault did not take the same choices. It is the lesson of the history, the cohabitation of a company of State (Renault) with a private and family firm (Peugeot). Both groups are in competition for a long time. PSA chooses the external growth by taking the ontrol of Citroën (1975) and Chrysler-Europe (1978). He becomes international with factories in Europe and nº 1 in Europe (1979). Renault prefers the internal growth. But in 1978, he takes the control of AMC to become world. These two strategies finish badly. The crisis obliges both firms to engage a painful policy of reorganization. From 1985 till 1988. Renault and PSA are careful. They prefer the French market wich allows better margins. Then, they go towards the Eastern Europe who open his borders during his collapse. Later, they settle down composedly in Mercosur (a market little different from French and iberian markets). Finally, the look at Asia. PSA and Renault understand the change of markets: Europe is saturated. Its is necessary to become really word. It is the new French offensive. Renault chooses to be bound with Nissan in 1999. PSA refuses the capital-intensive alliances because the Peugeot family wants to keep its business. PSA chooses to multiply the technical cooperations. The biggest firms (BMV, Fiat, Ford, Renault, Mitsubishi and Toyoa) become the partnes of PSA. The assessment is surprising: with the different strategies, Renault and PSA are leaders, Renault-Nissan, the 4th world manufacturer, PSA Peugeot Citroën, the 2nd European manufacturer! The French lesson is called pragmatism.A través de dos empresas, PSA Peugeot Citröen y Renault, la industria francesa del automóvil parece haber comprendido la globalización. Durante mucho tiempo, el sectro se ha ido adaptando a los cambios en la economía. No obstante, no ha existido un modelo francés como tal. PSA y Renault no han tomado las mismas decisiones. Esa es la lección de la historia, la cohabitación de una empresa estatal (Renault) con una compañía privada y familiar (Peugeot). Ambos grupos han competido entre sí durante largo tiempo. PSA escogió el crecimiento externo, tomando el control de Citröen (1975) y Chrysler-Europe (1978). Adquirió carácter internacional, con fábricas en Europa, y se convirtió en número 1 en Europa en 1979. Renault prefirió el crecimiento interno. Pero en 1978 tomó el control de AMC para adquirir carácter global. Las dos estrategias acabaron mal. La crisis obligó a ambas empresas a poner en marcha dolorosas políticas de reorganización. Desde 1985 hasta 1998, Renault y PSA actuaron con cautela, prefiriendo el mercado francés, que proporcionaba márgenes mayores. Posteriormente, se dirigieron a Europa Oriental, que abría sus fronteras durante su colapso. Más tarde, se instalaron en Mercosur (un mercado algo diferente del francés y del ibérico). Finalmente, miraron a Asia, PSA y Renault han entendido el cambio de los mercados: Europa estaba saturada. Era necesario adquirir un carácter realmente global. Esa es la nueva ofensiva francesa. Renaul ha escogido vincularse a Nissan (1999). PSA ha rechazado las alianzas intensivas en capital, porque la familia Peugeot quiere mantener el control de sus negocios. En cambio, PSA ha optado por multiplicar las cooperaciones de carácter técnico. Las mayores empresas (BMV, Fiat, Ford, Renault, Mitsubishi y Toyota) se han convertido en socias de PSA. La evaluación final es sorprendente: con estrategias distintas, Renault y PSA son lideres: Renault-Nissan, el cuarto, productor del mundo y PSA Peugeot Citroën el segundo productor europeo. La lección francesa se llama pragmatismo

ECLAIRE: Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems. Project final report

The central goal of ECLAIRE is to assess how climate change will alter the extent to which air pollutants threaten terrestrial ecosystems. Particular attention has been given to nitrogen compounds, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3), as well as Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) in relation to tropospheric ozone (O3) formation, including their interactions with aerosol components. ECLAIRE has combined a broad program of field and laboratory experimentation and modelling of pollution fluxes and ecosystem impacts, advancing both mechanistic understanding and providing support to European policy makers. The central finding of ECLAIRE is that future climate change is expected to worsen the threat of air pollutants on Europe’s ecosystems. Firstly, climate warming is expected to increase the emissions of many trace gases, such as agricultural NH3, the soil component of NOx emissions and key BVOCs. Experimental data and numerical models show how these effects will tend to increase atmospheric N deposition in future. By contrast, the net effect on tropospheric O3 is less clear. This is because parallel increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will offset the temperature-driven increase for some BVOCs, such as isoprene. By contrast, there is currently insufficient evidence to be confident that CO2 will offset anticipated climate increases in monoterpene emissions. Secondly, climate warming is found to be likely to increase the vulnerability of ecosystems towards air pollutant exposure or atmospheric deposition. Such effects may occur as a consequence of combined perturbation, as well as through specific interactions, such as between drought, O3, N and aerosol exposure. These combined effects of climate change are expected to offset part of the benefit of current emissions control policies. Unless decisive mitigation actions are taken, it is anticipated that ongoing climate warming will increase agricultural and other biogenic emissions, posing a challenge for national emissions ceilings and air quality objectives related to nitrogen and ozone pollution. The O3 effects will be further worsened if progress is not made to curb increases in methane (CH4) emissions in the northern hemisphere. Other key findings of ECLAIRE are that: 1) N deposition and O3 have adverse synergistic effects. Exposure to ambient O3 concentrations was shown to reduce the Nitrogen Use Efficiency of plants, both decreasing agricultural production and posing an increased risk of other forms of nitrogen pollution, such as nitrate leaching (NO3-) and the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O); 2) within-canopy dynamics for volatile aerosol can increase dry deposition and shorten atmospheric lifetimes; 3) ambient aerosol levels reduce the ability of plants to conserve water under drought conditions; 4) low-resolution mapping studies tend to underestimate the extent of local critical loads exceedance; 5) new dose-response functions can be used to improve the assessment of costs, including estimation of the value of damage due to air pollution effects on ecosystems, 6) scenarios can be constructed that combine technical mitigation measures with dietary change options (reducing livestock products in food down to recommended levels for health criteria), with the balance between the two strategies being a matter for future societal discussion. ECLAIRE has supported the revision process for the National Emissions Ceilings Directive and will continue to deliver scientific underpinning into the future for the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

ECLAIRE third periodic report

The ÉCLAIRE project (Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems) is a four year (2011-2015) project funded by the EU's Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7)

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Le modèle moyen chez Peugeot 1945-1965

[eng] Abstract From 1945 till 1965, Peugeot the French car manufacturer has specialized mainly in medium sized models. Peugeot dedicated himself to the production of one single type of vehicle something between an economical car and the « top range » model. The 7 HP 203, the 8 HP 403 and the 9 HP 404 correspond to the medium range models that Peugeot kept improving to meet with the expectations of a faithful « clientèle » whose purchasing power never stopped increasing since then. When the 204 (a 6 HP model) came out, Peugeot didn't give up the medium range model. It thus filled a gap which it had created itself. Manufacturing this new medium sized model, Peugeot has changed the traditional structures of the market. [fre] Résumé De 1945 à 1965, le constructeur Peugeot devient le spécialiste français des modèles moyens. Il consacre en effet toute sa production à un même type de produit situé entre le véhicule économique et la voiture de haut de gamme. Les 203, 403, 404, de 7, 8 et 9 CV, correspondent au « milieu de gamme » que Peugeot fait lentement évoluer pour suivre une clientèle fidélisée dont le pouvoir d'achat ne cesse de progresser. Lorsqu'en 1965, Peugeot propose la 204, un modèle de 6 CV, l'entreprise n'abandonne pas le « milieu de gamme ». Elle comble au contraire un écart qu'elle a elle-même constitué. Peugeot modifie les structures classiques du marché automobile en créant le « nouveau moderne moyen ».

Daumas Jean-Claude, L'amour du drap Blin & Blin (1827-1975). Histoire d'une entreprise lainière familiale

Loubet Jean-Louis. Daumas Jean-Claude, L'amour du drap Blin & Blin (1827-1975). Histoire d'une entreprise lainière familiale. In: Vingtième Siècle, revue d'histoire, n°65, janvier-mars 2000. pp. 172-173