Integración y desarrollo socioeconómico en América Latina.

El cuerpo central de este libro se divide en dos partes: "Integración en América Latina" y "Desarrollo socioeconómico de América Latina"

El Caribe a comienzos del siglo XXI : composición étnica y diversidad lingüística

La conclusión principal de este trabajo es que el Caribe, integrado por 29 entidades políticas, se debe dividir en dos regiones: la española y la germano‐francesa (integrada por tres subregiones: los Caribes inglés, francés y neerlandés). La primera (compuesta de Cuba, Puerto Rico y República Dominicana) pertenece a un área cultural más extensa, Iberoamérica. La segunda (integrada por el resto de las islas situadas entre Norteamérica y Sudamérica, así como por Bermudas y las tres Guayanas) constituye por sí sola un área cultural plenamente diferenciada de América, continente que se considera integrado por tres áreas culturales: Iberoamérica, Caribe germano‐francés y Norteamérica germano‐francesa. Por su parte, Belice, de acuerdo con los criterios lingüísticos y étnicos empleados, es un país “híbrido”, en el sentido de que conjuga características de Iberoamérica y del Caribe germano‐francés. Todo lo anterior pone en entredicho la validez de las divisiones más usuales actualmente del continente americano, entre ellas la que lo divide en dos grandes regiones: la América latina y la América anglosajonaThe main conclusion of this work is that the Caribbean, integrated by 29 political organizations, most be divided in two regions: the Spanish one and the German‐French one (this last integrated by three sub regions: English, French and Dutch Caribbean). Spanish Caribbean (composed by Cuba, Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic) belongs to a more extensive cultural area: Ibero‐America. The German‐French (integrated by the rest of the islands located between North America and South America, as well as Bermuda and the three Guyana) constitutes by itself a cultural area totally differentiated from America, continent that is considered integrated by three cultural areas: Ibero‐America, the German‐French Caribbean and German‐French North America. On the other hand, according our linguistic and ethnic criteria, Belize is a “hybrid” country, because it associates Ibero‐America and German‐French Caribbean features. This entire discuss against validity of usual divisions of American continent, as the one that divides it in two great regions: Latin America and Anglo‐Saxon Americ

Conceptos de ciudadano, ciudadanía y civismo

Este artículo distingue e interrelaciona dos concepciones de ciudadanía en relación con las colectividades soberanas o países: la jurídico-política y la ético-política. Para delimitar al ciudadano según la primera concepción, se divide a los habitantes en inmigrantes y nacionales, y a éstos en ciudadanos en sentido restringido y súbditos o nacionales sin derechos políticos (integrados por menores de edad y ciudadanos con los derechos políticos suspendidos). Respecto a la concepción ético-política, los habitantes son divididos en niños o inmaduros psicológicamente para la participación política y ciudadanos en sentido amplio, los cuales se dividen en pasivos y activos. Estos últimos se dividen a su vez en gremiales e ideológicos, los cuales pueden ser autoritarios y democráticos. Estas clasificaciones, con las definiciones correspondientes, se elaboran a partir de comparar lo dicho sobre los conceptos de ciudadano, ciudadanía y civismo en tres diccionarios de la lengua y en ocho obras lexicográficas especializadas.Cet article distingue et associe deux conceptions de citoyenneté associées aux collectivités souveraines ou pays : celle juridico-politique et celle éthico-politique. Afin de délimiter le citoyen selon la première conception, les habitants se répartissent entre immigrants et ressortissants, et ces derniers entre citoyens dans son sens restreint et ressortissants sans droits politiques (intégrés en tant que mineurs et citoyens privés de droits politiques). Quant à la conception éthico-politique, les habitants sont divisés entre enfants ou psychologiquement immatures pour la participation politique et les citoyens selon une ample définition, ces derniers étant divisés entre passifs et actifs. Ces derniers sont répartis entre corporatifs et idéologiques, lesquels peuvent être autoritaires et démocratiques. Ces classements, et leurs définitions correspondantes, sont élaborés à partir de la comparaison des concepts de citoyen, de citoyenneté et de civisme en fonction de trois dictionnaires de la langue et de huit œuvres lexicographiques spécialisées.This article states the differences and relationships between two conceptions of citizenship _one concerned with juridical aspects and the other with ethical aspects_ in relation to sovereign communities or countries. To define the ‘citizen’ according to the first conception, inhabitants may be 1) immigrants or 2) nationals; nationals are subclassified as 2.1) citizens or 2.2) subjects, i.e., nationals without political rights (children and citizens with suspended political rights). According to the second conception, inhabitants are classified as 1) children or people psychologically unable to fulfill political participation and 2) citizens in broad sense; citizens are subclassified in 2.1) passive or 2.2) active. Active citizens may be either union citizens or ideological citizens, which can be authoritarian or democratic. These classifications and definitions are drawn from comparing what has been said about the concepts of citizen, citizenship and civic-mindedness in three language dictionaries and eight lexicographical dictionaries and encyclopedias.Este artigo estabelece as diferenças e as relações entre duas concepções de cidadania - uma preocupada com aspectos jurídicos e outra com os aspectos éticos - em relação à soberania das comunidades ou países. Para definir cidadão de acordo com a primeira concepção, os habitantes podem ser 1) imigrantes ou 2) nacionais; nacionais são subgrupos de 2,1) os cidadãos ou 2,2) sujeitos, ou seja, cidadãos sem direitos políticos (crianças e cidadãos com direitos políticos suspensos). De acordo com a segunda concepção, os habitantes são classificados como: 1) crianças ou pessoas psicologicamente incapazes de cumprir a participação política e 2) os cidadãos em sentido amplo, os cidadãos são subclassificados em 2,1) passivos ou 2,2) ativos. Cidadãos ativos podem ser cidadãos, quer sindicais ou cidadãos ideológicos, o que pode ser autoritário ou democrático. Estas classificações e definições, são tiradas de comparar o que foi dito sobre os conceitos de cidadão, cidadania e civismo em três dicionários de língua e oito lexicográfica dicionários e enciclopédias

El Caribe a comienzos del siglo XXI : composición étnica y diversidad lingüística

La conclusión principal de este trabajo es que el Caribe, integrado por 29 entidades políticas, se debe dividir en dos regiones: la española y la germano‐francesa (integrada por tres subregiones: los Caribes inglés, francés y neerlandés). La primera (compuesta de Cuba, Puerto Rico y República Dominicana) pertenece a un área cultural más extensa, Iberoamérica. La segunda (integrada por el resto de las islas situadas entre Norteamérica y Sudamérica, así como por Bermudas y las tres Guayanas) constituye por sí sola un área cultural plenamente diferenciada de América, continente que se considera integrado por tres áreas culturales: Iberoamérica, Caribe germano‐francés y Norteamérica germano‐francesa. Por su parte, Belice, de acuerdo con los criterios lingüísticos y étnicos empleados, es un país “híbrido”, en el sentido de que conjuga características de Iberoamérica y del Caribe germano‐francés. Todo lo anterior pone en entredicho la validez de las divisiones más usuales actualmente del continente americano, entre ellas la que lo divide en dos grandes regiones: la América latina y la América anglosajonaThe main conclusion of this work is that the Caribbean, integrated by 29 political organizations, most be divided in two regions: the Spanish one and the German‐French one (this last integrated by three sub regions: English, French and Dutch Caribbean). Spanish Caribbean (composed by Cuba, Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic) belongs to a more extensive cultural area: Ibero‐America. The German‐French (integrated by the rest of the islands located between North America and South America, as well as Bermuda and the three Guyana) constitutes by itself a cultural area totally differentiated from America, continent that is considered integrated by three cultural areas: Ibero‐America, the German‐French Caribbean and German‐French North America. On the other hand, according our linguistic and ethnic criteria, Belize is a “hybrid” country, because it associates Ibero‐America and German‐French Caribbean features. This entire discuss against validity of usual divisions of American continent, as the one that divides it in two great regions: Latin America and Anglo‐Saxon Americ

Tackling Interoperability in Composite Applications from an Enterprise Mash-up Perspective

The idea of a global mesh of enterprise composite applications is being impeded by the delay of next-generation interoperable mash-up platforms, providing intuitive human-guided resource interaction, reuse and composition. In this paper we revisit current mash-up platforms and analyze their major shortcomings with regard to the development of real composite applications. Then, we elaborate on a novel reference architecture for a mash-up platform called EzWeb/FAST. EzWeb/FAST facilitates the establishment of a user-centered mesh of interoperable resources that can be composed flexibly and easily to create and execute composite applications based on complex mashupable gadgets. The release of EzWeb/FAST will help enterprises to realize how SOA front-end innovations could make them more productive, responsive and, ultimately, more competitiv

ANÁLISIS POLÍNICO DEL YACIMIENTO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE LA JUNTA (PUEBLA DE GUZMÁN, HUELVA)

The archaeological excavation in La Junta (Huelva), in southwestern Iberia, shows evidence of anthropogenic disturbance over the landscape as a result of a well-based metallurgical activity in the region during the first half of the Third Millenium BC. Detail concerning other contemporary sequences is given as well in order to reveal the main factors shaping the landscape.El yacimiento arqueológico de La Junta, en la comarca onubense del Andévalo (suroeste de la Península Ibérica), comprende un intervalo temporal de unos 400 años adscritos a la primera mitad del Tercer Milenio antes de nuestra era. La interpretación del registro polínico, así como de las evidencias arqueológicas, sugieren el impacto que la minería y producción temprana del cobre ejercería sobre la vegetación en la zona de estudio. Se describen también algunas secuencias contemporáneas que reflejan procesos de degradación del medio, como la del Cabezo Juré en Alosno, Huelva, que desarrolla y establece una economía claramente vinculada a la explotación del cobre

ANÁLISIS POLÍNICO DE LOS YACIMIENTOS ARQUEOLÓGICOS CERRO DEL ALCÁZAR DE BAEZA Y ERAS DEL ALCÁZAR DE ÚBEDA (JAÉN)

Here we present the palynological study from two archaeological sites placed at Jaén province, dating from the Fourth to the Second millennia B.C. In both sites, known as Cerro del Alcázar de Baeza and Eras del Alcázar de Úbeda, a progressive deterioration of the environment is acknowledged. Agriculture impact, at local level, is proposed as the main factor acting on this process.Presentamos el análisis palinológico de dos secuencias arqueoestratigráficas localizadas en la comarca natural de La Loma, Jaén. Nos referimos a los yacimientos del Cerro del Alcázar de Baeza y de las Eras del Alcázar de Úbeda, con una cronología comprendida entre el IV y el II Milenios a.n.e. En ambos sitios de estudio se ha documentado un proceso de degradación ambiental que se iniciaría durante el Calcolítico y se traduciría en una clara apertura del paisaje con pérdida de recursos forestales. A nivel local, se propone el impacto de la agricultura sobre el medio como factor desencadenante de este proceso

Impact of CD68/(CD3+CD20) Ratio at the Invasive Front of Primary Tumors on Distant Metastasis Development in Breast Cancer

Tumors are infiltrated by macrophages, T and B-lymphocytes, which may favor tumor development by promoting angiogenesis, growth and invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of the relative amount of macrophages (CD68⁺), T-cells (CD3⁺ and B-cells (CD20⁺) at the invasive front of breast carcinomas, and the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) either at the invasive front or at the tumor center. We performed an immunohistochemical study counting CD3, CD20 and CD68 positive cells at the invasive front, in 102 breast carcinomas. Also, tissue sections were stained with MMP-2, -9, -11, -14 and TIMP-2 antibodies, and immunoreactivity location, percentage of reactive area and intensity were determined at the invasive front and at the tumor center. The results showed that an increased CD68 count and CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio were directly associated with both MMP-11 and TIMP-2 expression by mononuclear inflammatory cells at the tumor center (p = 0.041 and p = 0.025 for CD68 count and p = 0.001 and p = 0.045 for ratio, respectively for MMP-11 and TIMP-2). In addition, a high CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio (>0.05) was directly associated with a higher probability of shortened relapse-free survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio was an independent factor associated with distant relapse-free survival (RR: 2.54, CI: (1.23-5.24), p<0.01). Therefore, CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio at the invasive front could be used as an important prognostic marker

Presence of Bacterial DNA in Thrombotic Material of Patients with Myocardial Infarction

[Abstract] Infectious agents have been suggested to be involved in etiopathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). However, the relationship between bacterial infection and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not yet been completely clarified. The objective of this study is to detect bacterial DNA in thrombotic material of patients with ACS with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PPCI). We studied 109 consecutive patients with STEMI, who underwent thrombus aspiration and arterial peripheral blood sampling. Testing for bacterial DNA was performed by probe-based real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). 12 probes and primers were used for the detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Chlamydia pneumoniae, viridans group streptococci, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannarella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Helycobacter pylori, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococus aureus, Prevotella intermedia and Streptococcus mutans. Thus, DNA of four species of bacteria was detected in 10 of the 109 patients studied. The most frequent species was viridans group streptococci (6 patients, 5.5%), followed by Staphylococus aureus (2 patients, 1.8%). Moreover, a patient had DNA of Porphyromonas gingivalis (0.9%); and another patient had DNA of Prevotella intermedia (0.9%). Bacterial DNA was not detected in peripheral blood of any of our patients. In conclusion, DNA of four species of endodontic and periodontal bacteria was detected in thrombotic material of 10 STEMI patients. Bacterial DNA was not detected in the peripheral blood of patients with bacterial DNA in their thrombotic material. Bacteria could be latently present in plaques and might play a role in plaque instability and thrombus formation leading to ACS