1,911 research outputs found
Superconducting Phase with Fractional Vortices in the Frustrated Kagome Wire Network at f=1/2
In classical XY kagome antiferromagnets, there can be a novel low temperature
phase where has quasi-long-range order but is
disordered, as well as more conventional antiferromagnetic phases where
is ordered in various possible patterns ( is the angle of orientation
of the spin). To investigate when these phases exist in a physical system, we
study superconducting kagome wire networks in a transverse magnetic field when
the magnetic flux through an elementary triangle is a half of a flux quantum.
Within Ginzburg-Landau theory, we calculate the helicity moduli of each phase
to estimate the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition temperatures. Then at the
KT temperatures, we estimate the barriers to move vortices and effects that
lift the large degeneracy in the possible patterns. The effects we have
considered are inductive couplings, non-zero wire width, and the
order-by-disorder effect due to thermal fluctuations. The first two effects
prefer patterns while the last one selects a
pattern of supercurrents. Using the parameters of recent experiments, we
conclude that at the KT temperature, the non-zero wire width effect dominates,
which stabilizes a conventional superconducting phase with a current
pattern. However, by adjusting the experimental parameters, for example by
bending the wires a little, it appears that the novel superconducting
phase can instead be stabilized. The barriers to vortex motion are low enough
that the system can equilibrate into this phase.Comment: 30 pages including figure
The Influence of Molecular Adsorption on Elongating Gold Nanowires
Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the impact of physisorbing
adsorbates on the structural and mechanical evolution of gold nanowires (AuNWs)
undergoing elongation. We used various adsorbate models in our simulations,
with each model giving rise to a different surface coverage and mobility of the
adsorbed phase. We find that the local structure and mobility of the adsorbed
phase remains relatively uniform across all segments of an elongating AuNW,
except for the thinning region of the wire where the high mobility of Au atoms
disrupts the monolayer structure, giving rise to higher solvent mobility. We
analyzed the AuNW trajectories by measuring the ductile elongation of the wires
and detecting the presence of characteristic structural motifs that appeared
during elongation. Our findings indicate that adsorbates facilitate the
formation of high-energy structural motifs and lead to significantly higher
ductile elongations. In particular, our simulations result in a large number of
monatomic chains and helical structures possessing mechanical stability in
excess of what we observe in vacuum. Conversely, we find that a molecular
species that interacts weakly (i.e., does not adsorb) with AuNWs worsens the
mechanical stability of monatomic chains.Comment: To appear in Journal of Physical Chemistry
Large-Scale Atomistic Simulations of Environmental Effects on the Formation and Properties of Molecular Junctions
Using an updated simulation tool, we examine molecular junctions comprised of
benzene-1,4-dithiolate bonded between gold nanotips, focusing on the importance
of environmental factors and inter-electrode distance on the formation and
structure of bridged molecules. We investigate the complex relationship between
monolayer density and tip separation, finding that the formation of
multi-molecule junctions is favored at low monolayer density, while
single-molecule junctions are favored at high density. We demonstrate that tip
geometry and monolayer interactions, two factors that are often neglected in
simulation, affect the bonding geometry and tilt angle of bridged molecules. We
further show that the structures of bridged molecules at 298 and 77 K are
similar.Comment: To appear in ACS Nano, 30 pages, 5 figure
AEGIS: Demographics of X-ray and Optically Selected AGNs
We develop a new diagnostic method to classify galaxies into AGN hosts,
star-forming galaxies, and absorption-dominated galaxies by combining the [O
III]/Hbeta ratio with rest-frame U-B color. This can be used to robustly select
AGNs in galaxy samples at intermediate redshifts (z<1). We compare the result
of this optical AGN selection with X-ray selection using a sample of 3150
galaxies with 0.3<z<0.8 and I_AB<22, selected from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift
Survey and the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey
(AEGIS). Among the 146 X-ray sources in this sample, 58% are classified
optically as emission-line AGNs, the rest as star-forming galaxies or
absorption-dominated galaxies. The latter are also known as "X-ray bright,
optically normal galaxies" (XBONGs). Analysis of the relationship between
optical emission lines and X-ray properties shows that the completeness of
optical AGN selection suffers from dependence on the star formation rate and
the quality of observed spectra. It also shows that XBONGs do not appear to be
a physically distinct population from other X-ray detected, emission-line AGNs.
On the other hand, X-ray AGN selection also has strong bias. About 2/3 of all
emission-line AGNs at L_bol>10^44 erg/s in our sample are not detected in our
200 ks Chandra images, most likely due to moderate or heavy absorption by gas
near the AGN. The 2--7 keV detection rate of Seyfert 2s at z~0.6 suggests that
their column density distribution and Compton-thick fraction are similar to
that of local Seyferts. Multiple sample selection techniques are needed to
obtain as complete a sample as possible.Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, submitted to ApJ. Version 2 matches the ApJ
accepted version. Sec 3 was reorganized and partly rewritten with one
additional figure (Fig.3
Bioresponsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Triggered Drug Release
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have garnered a great deal of attention as potential carriers for therapeutic payloads. However, achieving triggered drug release from MSNPs in vivo has been challenging. Here, we describe the synthesis of stimulus-responsive polymer-coated MSNPs and the loading of therapeutics into both the core and shell domains. We characterize MSNP drug-eluting properties in vitro and demonstrate that the polymer-coated MSNPs release doxorubicin in response to proteases present at a tumor site in vivo, resulting in cellular apoptosis. These results demonstrate the utility of polymer-coated nanoparticles in specifically delivering an antitumor payload.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (grant R01-CA124427)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (grant U54-CA119349)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (grant U54-CA119335
Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations
There are two very different interpretations of the prehistory of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA), with genetic evidence invoked in support of both. The “out-of-Taiwan” model proposes a major Late Holocene expansion of Neolithic Austronesian speakers from Taiwan. An alternative, proposing that Late Glacial/postglacial sea-level rises triggered largely autochthonous dispersals, accounts for some otherwise enigmatic genetic patterns, but fails to explain the Austronesian language dispersal. Combining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y-chromosome and genome-wide data, we performed the most comprehensive analysis of the region to date, obtaining highly consistent results across all three systems and allowing us to reconcile the models. We infer a primarily common ancestry for Taiwan/ISEA populations established before the Neolithic, but also detected clear signals of two minor Late Holocene migrations, probably representing Neolithic input from both Mainland Southeast Asia and South China, via Taiwan. This latter may therefore have mediated the Austronesian language dispersal, implying small-scale migration and language shift rather than large-scale expansion
Facile synthesis of precious-metal single-site catalysts using organic solvents
Single-site catalysts can demonstrate high activity and selectivity in many catalytic reactions. The synthesis of these materials by impregnation from strongly oxidizing aqueous solutions or pH-controlled deposition often leads to low metal loadings or a range of metal species. Here, we demonstrate that simple impregnation of the metal precursors onto activated carbon from a low-boiling-point, low-polarity solvent, such as acetone, results in catalysts with an atomic dispersion of cationic metal species. We show the generality of this method by producing single-site Au, Pd, Ru and Pt catalysts supported on carbon in a facile manner. Single-site Au/C catalysts have previously been validated commercially to produce vinyl chloride, and here we show that this facile synthesis method can produce effective catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination in the absence of the highly oxidizing acidic solvents previously used
Predicting Functional Alternative Splicing by Measuring RNA Selection Pressure from Multigenome Alignments
High-throughput methods such as EST sequencing, microarrays and deep sequencing have identified large numbers of alternative splicing (AS) events, but studies have shown that only a subset of these may be functional. Here we report a sensitive bioinformatics approach that identifies exons with evidence of a strong RNA selection pressure ratio (RSPR) —i.e., evolutionary selection against mutations that change only the mRNA sequence while leaving the protein sequence unchanged—measured across an entire evolutionary family, which greatly amplifies its predictive power. Using the UCSC 28 vertebrate genome alignment, this approach correctly predicted half to three-quarters of AS exons that are known binding targets of the NOVA splicing regulatory factor, and predicted 345 strongly selected alternative splicing events in human, and 262 in mouse. These predictions were strongly validated by several experimental criteria of functional AS such as independent detection of the same AS event in other species, reading frame-preservation, and experimental evidence of tissue-specific regulation: 75% (15/20) of a sample of high-RSPR exons displayed tissue specific regulation in a panel of ten tissues, vs. only 20% (4/20) among a sample of low-RSPR exons. These data suggest that RSPR can identify exons with functionally important splicing regulation, and provides biologists with a dataset of over 600 such exons. We present several case studies, including both well-studied examples (GRIN1) and novel examples (EXOC7). These data also show that RSPR strongly outperforms other approaches such as standard sequence conservation (which fails to distinguish amino acid selection pressure from RNA selection pressure), or pairwise genome comparison (which lacks adequate statistical power for predicting individual exons)
Cosmological parameters from SDSS and WMAP
We measure cosmological parameters using the three-dimensional power spectrum
P(k) from over 200,000 galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in
combination with WMAP and other data. Our results are consistent with a
``vanilla'' flat adiabatic Lambda-CDM model without tilt (n=1), running tilt,
tensor modes or massive neutrinos. Adding SDSS information more than halves the
WMAP-only error bars on some parameters, tightening 1 sigma constraints on the
Hubble parameter from h~0.74+0.18-0.07 to h~0.70+0.04-0.03, on the matter
density from Omega_m~0.25+/-0.10 to Omega_m~0.30+/-0.04 (1 sigma) and on
neutrino masses from <11 eV to <0.6 eV (95%). SDSS helps even more when
dropping prior assumptions about curvature, neutrinos, tensor modes and the
equation of state. Our results are in substantial agreement with the joint
analysis of WMAP and the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, which is an impressive
consistency check with independent redshift survey data and analysis
techniques. In this paper, we place particular emphasis on clarifying the
physical origin of the constraints, i.e., what we do and do not know when using
different data sets and prior assumptions. For instance, dropping the
assumption that space is perfectly flat, the WMAP-only constraint on the
measured age of the Universe tightens from t0~16.3+2.3-1.8 Gyr to
t0~14.1+1.0-0.9 Gyr by adding SDSS and SN Ia data. Including tensors, running
tilt, neutrino mass and equation of state in the list of free parameters, many
constraints are still quite weak, but future cosmological measurements from
SDSS and other sources should allow these to be substantially tightened.Comment: Minor revisions to match accepted PRD version. SDSS data and ppt
figures available at http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/sdsspars.htm
The Fifth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
This paper describes the Fifth Data Release (DR5) of the Sloan Digital Sky
Survey (SDSS). DR5 includes all survey quality data taken through June 2005 and
represents the completion of the SDSS-I project (whose successor, SDSS-II will
continue through mid-2008). It includes five-band photometric data for 217
million objects selected over 8000 square degrees, and 1,048,960 spectra of
galaxies, quasars, and stars selected from 5713 square degrees of that imaging
data. These numbers represent a roughly 20% increment over those of the Fourth
Data Release; all the data from previous data releases are included in the
present release. In addition to "standard" SDSS observations, DR5 includes
repeat scans of the southern equatorial stripe, imaging scans across M31 and
the core of the Perseus cluster of galaxies, and the first spectroscopic data
from SEGUE, a survey to explore the kinematics and chemical evolution of the
Galaxy. The catalog database incorporates several new features, including
photometric redshifts of galaxies, tables of matched objects in overlap regions
of the imaging survey, and tools that allow precise computations of survey
geometry for statistical investigations.Comment: ApJ Supp, in press, October 2007. This paper describes DR5. The SDSS
Sixth Data Release (DR6) is now public, available from http://www.sdss.or
- …