La salle à manger : naissance et adoption d’une pièce réservée au repas (xviie-xixe siècle)

La naissance et l’évolution de la salle à manger française s’inscrivent dans un mouvement général de spécialisation des pièces aux xviie et xviiie siècles. Jusqu’alors, les pièces d’habitation sont, et ce dans toutes les couches sociales, des « espaces polyvalents », où seul le mobilier détermine l’usage. Ainsi, en fonction de la saison ou du nombre de convives, les lieux où se tiennent les repas sont très divers : dans l’architecture des élites, la chambre, la salle ou l’antichambre peuvent très bien tenir ce rôle, avant que s’impose une pièce spécifique, appelée « salle à manger ». Le mot lui-même est employé pour la première fois dans des sources manuscrites au début du xviie siècle. S’ensuit alors un processus d’adoption de la pièce assez lent qui ne se généralisera à toutes les couches de la société qu’au cours des xviiie et xixe siècles. Le développement de cette pièce s’est en effet nourri d’un terreau d’évolutions architecturales et sociales très riche.The appearance and development of the dining room in France was part of a general move towards the specialisation of the use of a house’s different rooms, from the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. Up until then, the living spaces in a dwelling, at all levels in society, were ‘polyvalent’ spaces where only the furniture denoted the use. Consequently, and according to the season or to the number of guests, the room where meals were eaten could vary. In the architecture of social elites, the bedroom or the antechamber could fulfil this dining function, before a specific room began to appear, known in French as the ‘salle à manger’, the dining room. The expression appears in manuscript sources at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Subsequently, there is a gradual process of appropriation and generalisation throughout society during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The development of this room is to be seen then in a rich context of social and architectural changes

Patrimoines de la santé : essais de définition – enjeux de conservation

Ce numéro d’In Situ. Revue des patrimoines consacré aux patrimoines de la santé – le premier traitant de ce sujet – trouve son origine dans l’actualité. Les recherches sur l’architecture hospitalière se sont multipliées ces dernières années. Elles ont donné lieu à deux importantes synthèses, celle, régionale, publiée par le service Patrimoine et Inventaire de Bourgogne en 2011, Patrimoine hospitalier en Bourgogne, et celle, nationale, de l’Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel, l’année su..

Assessing changes in global fire regimes

PAGES, Past Global Changes, is funded by the Swiss Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and supported in kind by the University of Bern, Switzerland. Financial support was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation award numbers 1916565, EAR-2011439, and EAR-2012123. Additional support was provided by the Utah Department of Natural Resources Watershed Restoration Initiative. SSS was supported by Brigham Young University Graduate Studies. MS was supported by National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2018/31/B/ST10/02498 and 2021/41/B/ST10/00060). JCA was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101026211. PF contributed within the framework of the FCT-funded project no. UIDB/04033/2020. SGAF acknowledges support from Trond Mohn Stiftelse (TMS) and University of Bergen for the startup grant ‘TMS2022STG03’. JMP participation in this research was supported by the Forest Research Centre, a research unit funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P. (FCT), Portugal (UIDB/00239/2020). A.-LD acknowledge PAGES, PICS CNRS 06484 project, CNRS-INSU, Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux DRI and INQUA for workshop support.Background The global human footprint has fundamentally altered wildfire regimes, creating serious consequences for human health, biodiversity, and climate. However, it remains difficult to project how long-term interactions among land use, management, and climate change will affect fire behavior, representing a key knowledge gap for sustainable management. We used expert assessment to combine opinions about past and future fire regimes from 99 wildfire researchers. We asked for quantitative and qualitative assessments of the frequency, type, and implications of fire regime change from the beginning of the Holocene through the year 2300. Results Respondents indicated some direct human influence on wildfire since at least ~ 12,000 years BP, though natural climate variability remained the dominant driver of fire regime change until around 5,000 years BP, for most study regions. Responses suggested a ten-fold increase in the frequency of fire regime change during the last 250 years compared with the rest of the Holocene, corresponding first with the intensification and extensification of land use and later with anthropogenic climate change. Looking to the future, fire regimes were predicted to intensify, with increases in frequency, severity, and size in all biomes except grassland ecosystems. Fire regimes showed different climate sensitivities across biomes, but the likelihood of fire regime change increased with higher warming scenarios for all biomes. Biodiversity, carbon storage, and other ecosystem services were predicted to decrease for most biomes under higher emission scenarios. We present recommendations for adaptation and mitigation under emerging fire regimes, while recognizing that management options are constrained under higher emission scenarios. Conclusion The influence of humans on wildfire regimes has increased over the last two centuries. The perspective gained from past fires should be considered in land and fire management strategies, but novel fire behavior is likely given the unprecedented human disruption of plant communities, climate, and other factors. Future fire regimes are likely to degrade key ecosystem services, unless climate change is aggressively mitigated. Expert assessment complements empirical data and modeling, providing a broader perspective of fire science to inform decision making and future research priorities.Peer reviewe

Salle à manger rêvée, salle à manger réelle : réflexions autour du souper de Mélite

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Lutter contre la tuberculose et la mortalité infantile : l’établissement des dispensaires en France (1880-1950)

The development of dispensaries at the end of the nineteenth century was based on a double preoccupation: infant mortality, which did not stop rising, and the ravages of tuberculosis amongst the poor. The alarming contagion of this illness amongst the soldiers of the First World War also alerted the authorities to the dangers it presented for national defence and for the country’s economy. The so-called Léon Bourgeois law of 15 April 1916 made the creation of dispensaries of public hygiene throughout the national territory an obligation. Financed by local authorities, by industrial patrons or by mutual aid associations, they were originally intended for the poorest sections of the population, often is dire sanitary conditions, before being opened to all in a context of a national policy of public health. Based on the detailed examination of a selection of examples, this article examines the architectural characteristics of the buildings and how these evolved

Les « Entretiens du patrimoine » (1988-2001) ou la « grand-messe » des professionnels du patrimoine

In 1987, the Minister of Culture, François Léotard, announced the creation of the ‘Entretiens du patrimoine’, annual ‘conversations’ bringing together heritage professionals and, in particular, since 1994, academics and intellectuals from the humanities, in order to discuss issues raised by the conservation and the identification of the heritage. Lasting two or three days on average, these meetings took place in different provincial towns between 1988 and 1993, then in Paris from 1994 to 2001. The proceedings of the lectures and debates were published from 1988 to 1993 as 'Actes des colloques de la Direction du patrimoine', then, from 1994 onwards, under the series title of 'Actes des Entretiens du patrimoine'. Initially designed as a ‘tool’ for professional training, these ‘Entretiens’ have evolved, since 1994, into a public forum were notions of heritage are debated and theorised

La salle à manger, 1760-1800. Triomphe du programme, ambiguïté de l’usage

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Patrimoine(s) de la santé. Essais de définition, enjeux de conservation

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Patrimoines de la santé : essais de définition – enjeux de conservation. Éditorial

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