Hydrogrammes de ruissellement superficiel et transport des sédiments en milieu agricole

Nous présentons ici une méthode simple qui permet de mesurer simultanément l'eau et les sédiments en transit à la surface du sol en milieu agricole. Des hydrogrammes de ruissellement superficiel sont comparés pour évaluer la variabilité saisonnière et spatiale du ruissellement et de l'érosion lors de trois précipitations naturelles (1,16, 1,76, 1,78 mm h-1). Les mesures ponctuelles sur le terrain sont utilisées pour caler une équation de transport des sédiments compatible avec les modèles hydrologiques distribués. Le débit solide (Qs) est exprimé par:Qs = k Qm lpoù Q est le débit liquide et l l'intensité des précipitations. Les hydrogrammes montrent que les débits varient dans l'espace selon la distance entre deux points d'échantillonnage et, dans le temps selon l'état de la surface. Pendant la saison, la concentration moyenne des sédiments dans l'eau et le taux de transport demeurent constants. Le transport par le ruissellement sur la parcelle est faible et semble limité par la capacité du processus à maintenir les sédiments en mouvement. Ce comportement affecte le paramètre m associé au débit liquide dans l'équation de transport, qui est en dessous des valeurs théoriques proposées dans la littérature. Le transport de sédiments est également fonction de l, qui par le biais de l'impact des gouttes de pluie sur la surface détache et facilite le transport des particules.Data are needed to validate a storm by storm model of sheetwash erosion, to assess spatial and temporal variations of runoff and erosion and to calibrate a sediment transport equation on agricultural fields. This remains a major problem in the development of distributed hydrological models. This paper presents a simple method to measure simultaneously water and sediment discharges on hillslopes. Hillslope hydrographs and sediment transport rates are used to investigate spatial and seasonal variations in runoff and erosion. Measurements are also used to calibrate a sheetwash sediment transport equation compatible with distributed hydrological models. Sediment discharge (Qs) is expressed by :Qs = k Qm lpwhere Q is water discharge, S is hillslope gradient and l rainfall intensity. Parameters k, m, n and p are constants for a given context.The experimental site is located in the Eastern Townships (Québec, Canada). It is a corn field (1 000 m2) where sheetwash erosion is active. Simultaneous measurements of water and sediment discharges are collected using hydraulically efficient samplers specially designed to minimize direct rainsplash input and to prevent sediment accumulation within the receptacle. Data were collected during three natural rainfalls with low average intensities monitored in June (l -1,76 mm h-1), September (l = 1,78 mm h-1) and October (l = 1,16 mm h-1) 1987. Because rainfall intensity varies within a precipitation, each rainfall event was subdivided into distinct measurement periods of short duration (5 to 60 min) with intensities ranging from 0,12 to 8,9 mm h-1. For each precipitation two samplers were operated simultaneously over the field. One of the sampler occupied a fixed spatial location, which allows comparison between event according to variations in vegetation cover and soil compaction. The second sampler is located at a different location for each event in order to sample different spatial contexts. Overall 80 samples with a measurable amount of water and sediments were obtained.Firstly, our results show that peaks in sediment transport rates are in most cases associated with peaks of water discharges, which occur simultaneously or just after the maxima in rainfall intensities. For the first and second rainfall events similar hydrological and erosional responses of the field were observed at the two spatial locations. For there events, the distance between the two samplers on the field M short (respectively 7 and 4 meters). For a given event, the two hydrographs have the same shape, although the downslope hydrograph is target and there is a lag (5 min) between peak discharges. These characteristics suggest a kinematic response of runoff on the field. For the third precipitation, the two samplers are located 13 meters apart. There is an important diminution of runoff and erosion downslope. The inversion of the size (volume of water) of the hydrographs is attributed to the divergence of runoff caused by the microtopography and the presence of obstacles on the surface.Over the season there is a difference in the hydrological response of the field. In September, the vegetation cover is dense and the mean infiltration and interception rates are high. Mean water and sediment discharges are low in comparison with those measured in June and October where the vegetation is sparse or absent (no interception). In October, the compaction of the soil surface is high and the infiltration capacity is low. Despite the tact that the mean rainfall intensity is slightly lower for this event, the highest amount of water and sediment discharges are observed. Average sediment concentration in water is constant for the three precipitation events. This suggests that the amount of loose sediments on the surface ready to be transported is always sufficient. The comparison of hill slope hydrographs on the field and at different times showed that water and sediment vary : i) in space according to slope length between sampling locations, and ; ii) over the season according to vegetation cover and soil surface properties.Secondly, parameters of the sediment transport equation are estimated for the three events. The results show that water discharge and rainfall intensity are positively related with sediment discharge, but also that the effect of hillslope gradient is negligible. This is explained by the fact that only four low gradient values are used in this study and that a wide range of discharges are measured on each gradient. The overall measurements yields the empirical equationQs = 0,02 Q0,97 l0,6There is a good agreement between water discharge, rainfall intensity and sediment transport (R2 = 0,91). Over the season, variation in mean discharges are not followed by fluctuations in the rate of sediment discharge which remained constant for the three events. Sediment transport appears to be low and under the limit of transport for rainwash erosion. As a result, the rate of increase in sediment transport (m = 0,97) is under the lower limit of the theoretical range of values (from 1,4 to 2,4) proposed in literature. Sediment discharge is also influenced by the contribution of rainsplash to particle detachment and transport. This process is evaluated by the incorporation of rainfall intensity into the sediment transport equation. The value obtained from the empirical estimation of p (0,6) is not significantly different from the theoretical value (p = 0,5) proposed in the literature. The contribution of rainfall intensity to the prediction of sediment transport is low but significant.In conclusion, results of this experiment show that spatially and temporally distributed data can be used to increase our knowledge on runoff and erosion at the scale of an agricultural field. The rote of low rainfall intensities on runoff and erosion is also important despite the presence of vegetation. These events contribute to the transfer of particles downslope and they increase the amount of loose sediments ready to be transported on the surface. Notwithstanding the fact that the net erosion on the field is negligible, sediment transport is active and predictable using a simple sediment transport equation

Effects of iron-rich intermetallics and grain structure on semisolid tensile properties of Al-Cu 206 cast alloys near solidus temperature

The effects of iron-rich intermetallics and grain size on the semisolid tensile properties of Al-Cu 206 cast alloys near the solidus were evaluated in relation to the mush microstructure. Analyses of the stress–displacement curves showed that the damage expanded faster in the mush structure dominated by plate-like β-Fe compared to the mush structure dominated by Chinese script-like α-Fe. While there was no evidence of void formation on the β-Fe intermetallics, they blocked the interdendritic liquid channels and thus hindered liquid flow and feeding during semisolid deformation. In contrast, the interdendritic liquid flows more freely within the mush structure containing α-Fe. The tensile properties of the alloy containing α-Fe are generally higher than those containing β-Fe over the crucial liquid fraction range of ~0.6 to 2.8 pct, indicating that the latter alloy may be more susceptible to stress-related casting defects such as hot tearing. A comparison of the semisolid tensile properties of the alloy containing α-Fe with different grain sizes showed that the maximum stress and elongation of the alloy with finer grains were moderately higher for the liquid fractions of ~2.2 to 3.6 pct. The application of semisolid tensile properties for the evaluation of the hot tearing susceptibility of experimental alloys is discussed

Physical fitness in morbidly obese patients: effect of gastric bypass surgery and exercise training

Background There is a growing consensus that bariatric surgery is currently the most efficacious and long-term treatment for clinically severe obesity. However, it remains to be determined whether poor physical fitness, an important characteristic of these patients, improves as well. The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the effect of gastric bypass surgery on physical fitness and to determine if an exercise program in the first 4 months is beneficial. Methods Fifteen morbidly obese patients (BMI 43.0 kg/m(2)) were tested before and 4 months after gastric bypass surgery. Eight of them followed a combined endurance and strength training program. Before and after 4 months the operation, anthropometrical characteristics were measured, and an extensive assessment of physical fitness (strength, aerobic, and functional capacity) was performed. Results Large-scale weight loss through gastric bypass surgery results in a decrease in dynamic and static muscle strength and no improvement of aerobic capacity. In contrast, an intensive exercise program could prevent the decrease and even induced an increase in strength of most muscle groups. Together with an improvement in aerobic capacity, functional capacity increased significantly. Both groups evolved equally with regard to body composition (decrease in fat mass and fat-free mass). Conclusions An exercise training program in the first 4 months after bariatric surgery is effective and should be promoted, considering the fact that physical fitness does not improve by weight loss only

Combination therapy with oral treprostinil for pulmonary arterial hypertension. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

Rationale: Oral treprostinil improves exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the effect on clinical outcomes was unknown. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of oral treprostinil compared with placebo on time to first adjudicated clinical worsening event in participants with PAH who recently began approved oral monotherapy. Methods: In this event-driven, double-blind study, we randomly allocated 690 participants (1:1 ratio) with PAH to receive placebo or oral treprostinil extended-release tablets three times daily. Eligible participants were using approved oral monotherapy for over 30 days before randomization and had a 6-minute-walk distance 150 m or greater. The primary endpoint was the time to first adjudicated clinical worsening event: death; hospitalization due to worsening PAH; initiation of inhaled or parenteral prostacyclin therapy; disease progression; or unsatisfactory long-term clinical response. Measurements and Main Results: Clinical worsening occurred in 26% of the oral treprostinil group compared with 36% of placebo participants (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.97; P = 0.028). Key measures of disease status, including functional class, Borg dyspnea score, and N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide, all favored oral treprostinil treatment at Week 24 and beyond. A noninvasive risk stratification analysis demonstrated that oral treprostinil–assigned participants had a substantially higher mortality risk at baseline but achieved a lower risk profile from Study Weeks 12–60. The most common adverse events in the oral treprostinil group were headache, diarrhea, flushing, nausea, and vomiting. Conclusions: In participants with PAH, addition of oral treprostinil to approved oral monotherapy reduced the risk of clinical worsening. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01560624)

Brain Natriuretic Peptide Protects Cardiomyocytes from Apoptosis and Stimulates Their Cell Cycle Re-Entry in Mouse Infarcted Hearts.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) supplementation after infarction increases heart function and decreases heart remodeling. BNP receptors, NPR-A and NPR-B are expressed on adult cardiomyocytes (CMs). We investigated whether a part of the BNP cardioprotective effect in infarcted and unmanipulated hearts is due to modulation of the CM fate. For this purpose, infarcted adult male mice were intraperitoneally injected every two days during 2 weeks with BNP or saline. Mice were sacrificed 1 and 14 days after surgery. BNP or saline was also injected intraperitoneally every two days into neonatal pups (3 days after birth) for 10 days and in unmanipulated 8-week-old male mice for 2 weeks. At sacrifice, CMs were isolated, counted, measured, and characterized by qRT-PCR. The proportion of mononucleated CMs was determined. Immunostainings aimed to detect CM re-entry in the cell cycle were performed on the different hearts. Finally, the signaling pathway activated by BNP treatment was identified in in vitro BNP-treated adult CMs and in CMs isolated from BNP-treated hearts. An increased number of CMs was detected in the hypoxic area of infarcted hearts, and in unmanipulated neonatal and adult hearts after BNP treatment. Accordingly, Troponin T plasma concentration was significantly reduced 1 and 3 days after infarction in BNP-treated mice, demonstrating less CM death. Furthermore, higher number of small, dedifferentiated and mononucleated CMs were identified in adult BNP-treated hearts when compared to saline-treated hearts. BNP-treated CMs express higher levels of mRNAs coding for hif1 alpha and for the different cyclins than CMs isolated from saline-treated hearts. Higher percentages of CMs undergoing DNA synthesis, expressing Ki67, phospho histone3 and Aurora B were detected in all BNP-treated hearts, demonstrating that CMs re-enter into the cell cycle. BNP effect on adult CMs in vivo is mediated by NPR-A binding and activation of the ERK MAP kinase pathway. Interestingly, an increased number of CMs was also detected in adult infarcted hearts treated with LCZ696, an inhibitor of the natriuretic peptide degradation. Altogether, our results identified BNP and all therapies aimed to increase BNP's bioavailability as new cardioprotective targets as BNP treatment leads to an increased number of CMs in neonatal, adult unmanipulated and infarcted hearts

The German version of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: factor structure, reliability, and concurrent validity in a psychiatric patient sample

BACKGROUND: Recently, the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA) was developed to supplement the self-assessment of alexithymia and/or offer a different method of measuring the alexithymia construct. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a German language translation of the TSIA in a psychiatric patient sample. METHODS: Translation and back-translation were performed until a high agreement of cross-language equivalence was obtained between the German and the original English language version of the TSIA. The TSIA and the German language version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale were administered to 237 psychiatric patients at the departments of psychiatry and psychotherapy in Germany and Switzerland. Videotapes of some of the interviews were recorded for the assessment of interrater reliability. RESULTS: The German version of the TSIA and its 4 scales correlated significantly with the German version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and its 3 factor scales, providing support for concurrent validity of the interview. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hierarchical, 4-factor structure obtained with the original English version, with 4 lower-order factors nested within 2 higher-order latent factors. Acceptable levels of internal reliability and interrater reliability were also demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The TSIA is a valid and reliable measure for assessing alexithymia, at least in clinical samples. The TSIA, together with a self-report alexithymia scale, allow for a multimethod approach to assessing alexithymia