Consideraciones en el estudio anatómico sobre el músculo peroneo tercero, peroneo anterior, tercer peroneo, peroneo tertius, fibularis tertius

The anatomy of the foot, their knowledge, opens up a wide range of expectations so accurate for diagnosing various pathologies of the foot, and above all, to know you better. The purpose of this study was to look closely at the anatomy of the muscle Tertius peroneo to define its origin and insercción to the controversy raised by the literature, its function in the foot, and its frequency, it is a muscle that is not present in all feet. The third peroneo muscle, also known as peroneo Tertius, is a muscle group of the previous leg, which in the current literature is considered inconsistent, that character was not found in our study. We repeat that the authors describe as an inconstant muscle (eg. Rouvière) adjective meaning in anatomy that it is a muscle in less than 45% of cases. For Testud, in the absence black 14 times in 100, the Europeans 7 or 8 times 100, and lacking in monkeys. According to Kapandji is dorsal flexor, abductor and pronator foot. We intend to demonstrate our dissections, a muscle that is most of what appears and where is its origin and insertion, as well as its presentation and position by photographs of cadaver feet.La anatomía del pie, su conocimiento, nos abre un amplio abanico de expectativas para diagnosticar de manera certera diversas patologías del pie, y sobre todo, para conocerlo mejor. El objeto de éste estudio fue observar detenidamente la anatomía del músculo peroneo tertius, definir su origen e insercción ante la controversia que suscita la bibliografía consultada, su función en el pie, y su frecuencia de aparición, pues es un músculo que no está presente en todos los pies. El músculo tercer peroneo, conocido también como peroneo tertius, es un músculo del grupo anterior de la pierna, que en la literatura actual es considerado inconstante, carácter que no fue comprobado en nuestro estudio. Repetimos que diferentes autores lo califican como un músculo inconstante (por ej. Rouviére), significando éste adjetivo en anatomía que es un músculo presente en menos del 45% de los casos. Para Testud, en la raza negra falta 14 veces en 100, en los europeos 7 u 8 veces cada 100, y falta en los monos. Según Kapandji es flexor dorsal, abductor y pronador del pie. Pretendemos demostrar con nuestras disecciones, que es un músculo más habitual de lo que parece y dónde está su origen e inserción, así como su función,presentación y posición mediante fotografías en pies de cadáver

Consideraciones en el estudio anatómico sobre el músculo peroneo tercero, peroneo anterior, tercer peroneo, peroneo tertius, fibularis tertius

[Resumen] La anatomía del pie, su conocimiento, nos abre un amplio abanico de expectativas para diagnosticar de manera certera diversas patologías del pie, y sobre todo, para conocerlo mejor. El objeto de éste estudio fue observar detenidamente la anatomía del músculo peroneo tertius, defnir su origen e insercción ante la controversia que suscita la bibliografía consultada, su función en el pie, y su frecuencia de aparición, pues es un músculo que no está presente en todos los pies. El músculo tercer peroneo, conocido también como peroneo tertius, es un músculo del grupo anterior de la pierna, que en la literatura actual es considerado inconstante, carácter que no fue comprobado en nuestro estudio. Repetimos que diferentes autores lo califcan como un músculo inconstante (por ej. Rouviére), signifcando éste adjetivo en anatomía que es un músculo presente en menos del 45% de los casos. Para Testud, en la raza negra falta 14 veces en 100, en los europeos 7 u 8 veces cada 100, y falta en los monos. Según Kapandji es fexor dorsal, abductor y pronador del pie. Pretendemos demostrar con nuestras disecciones, que es un músculo más habitual de lo que parece y dónde está su origen e inserción, así como su función,presentación y posición mediante fotografías en pies de cadáver.[Abstract] The anatomy of the foot, their knowledge, opens up a wide range of expectations so accurate for diagnosing various pathologies of the foot, and above all, to know you better. The purpose of this study was to look closely at the anatomy of the muscle Tertius peroneo to defne its origin and insercción to the controversy raised by the literature, its function in the foot, and its frequency, it is a muscle that is not present in all feet. The third peroneo muscle, also known as peroneo Tertius, is a muscle group of the previous leg, which in the current literature is considered inconsistent, that character was not found in our study. We repeat that the authors describe as an inconstant muscle (eg. Rouvière) adjective meaning in anatomy that it is a muscle in less than 45% of cases. For Testud, in the absence black 14 times in 100, the Europeans 7 or 8 times 100, and lacking in monkeys. According to Kapandji is dorsal fexor, abductor and pronator foot. We intend to demonstrate our dissections, a muscle that is most of what appears and where is its origin and insertion, as well as its presentation and position by photographs of cadaver feet

Extensor Hallucis Capsularis o Tendón Accesorio del Extensor Hallucis Longus: Estudio anatómico y funcional, frecuencia y mediciones

The purpose of this study was to look closely at the anatomy of the extensor hallucis longus, ligament or tendon capsularis Accessory Extensor hallucis longus muscle; defi ne its occurrence frequency, it is a muscle that is not present in all feet and raises controversy in the reviewed literature. The ligament is a ligament capsularis dorsalis pedis group that accompanies the extensor hallucis longus muscle medial to it forever. We intend to demonstrate by our dissections, a ligament more common than it seems and where is its origin and insertion as well as their function, presentation and location by using photographs of cadaver feet and its width measures and characteristics. To achieve our object of study in this article, fi rst 50 dissected human cadaver fi ngers, making the relevant measurements.El objeto de éste estudio fue observar detenidamente la anatomía del Extensor Hallucis Longus, Ligamento Capsularis o Tendón Accesorio del músculo Extensor Hallucis Longus; definir su su frecuencia de aparición, pues es un músculo que no está presente en todos los pies y suscita controversia en la bibliografía consultada.El Ligamento Capsularis es un ligamento del grupo dorsal del pie, que acompaña al músculo Extensor Hallucis Longus siempre medial a él.Pretendemos demostrar con nuestras disecciones, que es un ligamento más habitual de lo que parece y, dónde está su origen e inserción, así como su función, presentación y ubicación mediante fotografías en pies de cadáver, así como medidas sobre su anchura y características particulares.Para conseguir nuestro objeto de estudio en éste artículo, se diseccionan 50 primeros dedos de cadáver humano, realizando las pertinentes mediciones

Older people’s personal strengths during the first wave of the covid-19 pandemic

Background: Although several biopsychosocial variables could play an important role as risk and protective factors of mental health, COVID-19 outbreak studies among older people have seldom focused on protective factors. The purpose of this study was to analyze how older adults’ personal strengths predict their well-being and emotional distress. Method: 783 Spanish people aged 60 and over completed a survey that included sociodemographic characteristics, perceived health, direct or indirect infection by COVID-19, resilience, gratitude, experiential avoidance, family functioning, emotional distress and well-being. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was performed. SEM invariance was also used to analyze whether there were differences between older people affected by COVID-19 and those not affected. Results: The best model supports the mediation effect of resilience, gratitude and experiential avoidance on older people’s well-being and emotional distress. Whether participants or relatives had been infected by the virus or not did not affect the results. Conclusions: Variables used as criteria in older adults are related to well-being and emotional distress, but only indirectly and mediated by resilience, gratitude and experiential avoidance. This confirms the importance of considering psychological strengths in older people’s well-being. Interventions focused on these personal resources should be considered.The authors thank all the participants in the study. This work was funded by Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities (CEU-Santander, grant number MCOV20V3

Snail1 suppresses TGF-β-induced apoptosis and is sufficient to trigger EMT in hepatocytes

11 páginas.Although TGF-β suppresses early stages of tumour development, it later contributes to tumour progression when cells become resistant to its suppressive effects. In addition to circumventing TGF-β-induced growth arrest and apoptosis, malignant tumour cells become capable of undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), favouring invasion and metastasis. Therefore, defining the mechanisms that allow cancer cells to escape from the suppressive effects of TGF-β is fundamental to understand tumour progression and to design specific therapies. Here, we have examined the role of Snail1 as a suppressor of TGF-β-induced apoptosis in murine non-transformed hepatocytes, rat and human hepatocarcinoma cell lines and transgenic mice. We show that Snail1 confers resistance to TGF-β-induced cell death and that it is sufficient to induce EMT in adult hepatocytes, cells otherwise refractory to this transition upon exposure to TGF-β. Furthermore, we show that Snail1 silencing prevents EMT and restores the cell death response induced by TGF-β. As Snail1 is a known target of TGF-β signalling, our data indicate that Snail1 might transduce the tumour-promoting effects of TGF-β, namely the EMT concomitant with the resistance to cell death.Peer reviewe

Digital T ransformation of SMEs in Paraguay: Challenges and Opportunities

Este artículo revisa la transformación digital de las PYMES en Paraguay, Ecuador y México, con el objetivo de identificar desafíos y oportunidades específicos en cada país. La metodología incluyó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en bases de datos clave, seleccionando estudios publicados en los últimos cinco años. Los resultados revelan divergencias notables: en Paraguay, la capacitación del personal emerge como clave; en Ecuador, estrategias de marketing digital adaptadas a la cultura son fundamentales; en México, la inversión en tecnologías avanzadas se destaca. Estos hallazgos, respaldados por autores como González et al. (2021) y Gómez et al. (2019), sugieren que la transformación digital debe ser contextualizada y estratégica. Se identifican desafíos persistentes, como la ciberseguridad, y se subraya la importancia de políticas gubernamentales adaptadas. Este estudio contribuye a la comprensión global de la transformación digital en PYMES y destaca la necesidad de estrategias locales efectivas.This article reviews the digital transformation of SMEs in Paraguay, Ecuador, and Mexico with the aim of identifying specific challenges and opportunities in each country. The methodology included a systematic literature review of key databases, selecting studies published in the last five years. The results reveal notable divergences: in Paraguay, employee training emerges as crucial; in Ecuador, culturally adapted digital marketing strategies are fundamental; in Mexico, investment in advanced technologies stands out. These findings, supported by authors such as González et al. (2021) and Gómez et al. (2019), suggest that digital transformation must be contextualized and strategic. Persistent challenges, such as cybersecurity, are identified, emphasizing the importance of tailored government policies. This study contributes to the global understanding of digital transformation in SMEs and underscores the need for effective local strategies

Clinical characteristics and outcome of Spanish patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides Impact of the vasculitis type, ANCA specificity, and treatment on mortality and morbidity

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) at presentation, in a wide cohort of Spanish patients, and to analyze the impact of the vasculitis type, ANCA specificity, prognostic factors, and treatments administered at diagnosis, in the outcome. A total of 450 patients diagnosed between January 1990 and January 2014 in 20 Hospitals from Spain were included. Altogether, 40.9% had granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 37.1% microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and 22% eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). The mean age at diagnosis was 55.6±17.3 years, patients with MPA being significantly older (P<0.001). Fever, arthralgia, weight loss, respiratory, and ear-nose-throat (ENT) symptoms, were the most common at disease onset. ANCAs tested positive in 86.4% of cases: 36.2% C-ANCA-PR3 and 50.2% P-ANCA-MPO. P-ANCA-MPO was significantly associated with an increased risk for renal disease (OR 2.6, P<0.001) and alveolar hemorrhage (OR 2, P=0.010), while C-ANCA-PR3 was significantly associated with an increased risk for ENT (OR 3.4, P<0.001) and ocular involvement (OR 2.3, P=0.002). All patients received corticosteroids (CS) and 74.9% cyclophosphamide (CYC). The median follow-up was 82 months (IQR 100.4). Over this period 39.9% of patients suffered bacterial infections and 14.6% opportunistic infections, both being most prevalent in patients with highcumulated doses of CYC and CS (P<0.001). Relapses were recorded in 36.4% of cases with a mean rate of 2.5±2.3, and were more frequent in patients with C-ANCA-PR3 (P=0.012). The initial disease severity was significantly associated with mortality but not with the occurrence of relapses. One hundred twenty-nine (28.7%) patients (74 MPA, 41 GPA, 14 EGPA) died. The mean survival was 58 months (IQR 105) and was significantly lower for patients with MPA (P<0.001). Factors independently related to death were renal involvement (P=0.010), cardiac failure (P=0.029) and age over 65 years old (P<0.001) at disease onset, and bacterial infections (P<0.001). An improved outcome with significant decrease in mortality and treatment-related morbidity was observed in patients diagnosed after 2000, and was related to the implementation of less toxic regimens adapted to the disease activity and stage, and a drastic reduction in the cumulated CYC and CS dose

Iberoamerican Reviews

Reseñas iberoamericanasIberoamerican Review

Scienca lerneja kalendaro 2023 (esperanto)

El proyecto “Calendario Científico Escolar 2023” ha consistido en la elaboración de un calendario dirigido al alumnado de educación primaria y secundaria obligatoria. Cada día se ha recogido un aniversario científico o tecnológico como, por ejemplo, nacimientos de personas de estos ámbitos o conmemoraciones de hallazgos destacables. Además, el calendario se acompaña de una guía didáctica con orientaciones para el aprovechamiento educativo transversal del calendario en las clases, incluyendo actividades adaptadas a cada rango de edad y al alumnado con necesidades especiales. Se trata de la cuarta edición de este proyecto de divulgación científica.Proyecto FCT-21-17253 de la Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FECYT); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Universidad de León; Delegación del CSIC en Castilla y León; Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (IGM, CSIC-ULE); Casa de la Ciència de Valencia (CSIC); Cátedra de Cultura Científica de la Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); People Help; University of California-Davis; Academia de la Llingua Asturiana; Federación Española de Esperanto; Teagasc; PuraVida Software; Universidad de Zaragoza; Casa Árabe; CSIC Delegació a Catalunya; CCULT.org; Museo Didáctico e Interactivo de Ciencias de la Vega Baja del Segura (MUDIC VBS-CV); Universidad Miguel Hernández; Unidade de Divulgación Científica e Cultural - Universidade da Coruña; Asociación Cultural Nogará Religada.Mujeres con Ciencia; Asociaţia Secular-Umanistă din România; Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM); Asociación Española para el Avance de la Ciencia (AEAC); Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, CSIC-USAL); Discapacitodos; Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB); Comisión Mujeres y Ciencia de la Sociedad Geológica de España; Institut d’Investigació en Intel.ligéncia Artificial (IIIA-CSIC); Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (GRAG, CSIC-UAB-ICREA); Escuela de Estudios Hispano-americanos (CSIC); Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IIB, CSIC-Ajuntament Barcelona); Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB, CSIC); Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM, CSIC); PRISMA – Asociación para la diversidad afectivo-sexual y de género en ciencia, tecnología e innovación; Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC); Círculo Escéptico; Civiencia; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Escuela de Estudios Árabes (CSIC); Evento Ciencia; Europa Laica; Universidad de Oviedo; Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona - Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (IMB-CNM, CSIC); Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB, CSIC).Peer reviewe