FITZ-ROY, DARWIN AND THE HUMAN ZOO IN JEMMY BUTTON BY BENJAMÍN SUBERCASEAUX

Indexación: Revista UNABEste artículo analiza el sometimiento de los indígenas de Tierra del Fuego a los mecanismos de incorporación del proceso civilizatorio europeo del siglo XIX. Los exploradores —que anteceden a los misioneros— inician el reconocimiento geográfico de los territorios y por consiguiente de sus habitantes, transformando a estos últimos en objeto de curiosidad y estudio en Europa. La exposición de los fueguinos bajo diferentes formatos a partir del rapto, debilita su identidad y acrecienta las dudas sobre su humanidad. En la novela Jemmy Button de Benjamín Subercaseaux la relación entre Fitz-Roy y Darwin se conflictúa ante la emergencia de tal situación representada en los cuatro fueguinos que viajan en el Beagle.http://revistahumanidades.unab.cl/numero-25-junio-2012

La poesía de la carroña: el genocidio indígena fueguino en la obra de los poetas magallánicos Juan Pablo Riveros, Christian Formoso y Pavel Oyarzún

This article explores the reconfiguration of the memory of the Fueguian indigenous genocide (19th-20th c.) in the literary texts of the magellanic authors Juan Pablo Riveros, Christian Formoso and Pavel Oyarzún. This process is evident in the construction of a mutable and heterogeneous text according to the concept of disciplinary mutations, which is understood as a literary text that draws on elements from other disciplines – historiography, ethnography, anthropology–. This memory is related to other traumatic events for the Chilean nation such as the military dictatorship (1973-1990) pointing out parallels between the victims, the perpetrators, and the spaces of violence.Este artículo explora la reconfiguración de la memoria del genocidio indígena fueguino (siglos XIX y XX) en la obra de los autores magallánicos Juan Pablo Riveros, Christian Formoso y Pavel Oyarzún. Este proceso se evidencia en la construcción de un texto heterogéneo y mutable de acuerdo al concepto de mutaciones disciplinarias, entendido como un texto en el que se cruzan elementos de otras disciplinas –historiografía, etnología, antropología–. Esta memoria se relaciona con otros acontecimientos traumáticos para la nación chilena como la dictadura militar (1973-1990), articulándose una suerte de convergencia histórica que señala coincidencias en torno a las víctimas, los culpables y los espacios de violencia

Fascinación por lo latente. El reverso develado de las imágenes fotográficas escolares

This paper analyzes what the photographic images tell us on their reverse and in the traces of the verse, either through annotations, marks or descriptions they contain, which provide important information about their context of production, the subjects or objects photographed and of his trajectory. Thus, an appropriate sense of the image is configured for certain users. It focuses on school photographic images because they represent a space of particular coexistence and exchange of experiences that, to some extent, are captured and protected in them. In the folds, in the darkened or worn edges, in the withered margins and in the marks of rust or other materials, it is also possible to find stories, remnants of memories, affections and faces in a counterpoint that goes beyond the motivation of the photographer to capture the moment in a specific frame. For the analysis, some photographic images belonging to a school archive of an educational center are presented, since they allow revealing the family, mnemonic and community meaning that they acquire when they meet in that repertoire. This value also emerges from the observation of the hidden material on the back and the marks on the back of the photographic images.Este artículo analiza lo que nos cuentan las imágenes fotográficas en su reverso y en las huellas del verso, a través de las anotaciones, marcas o descripciones que contienen, que entregan información importante de su contexto de producción, de los sujetos u objetos fotografiados y de su trayectoria. Así, se configura un sentido apropiado de la imagen. Este artículo, pone el foco en imágenes fotográficas escolares porque representan un espacio de convivencia particular y de intercambio de experiencias que, en alguna medida, se captura y resguarda en ellas. En los pliegues, en los bordes oscurecidos o desgastados, en los márgenes marchitos y en las marcas de óxido o de otros materiales, es posible también encontrar historias, restos de memorias, afectos y rostros en un contrapunto que va más allá de la motivación del fotógrafo para captar el instante en un encuadre específico. Para el análisis, se presentan algunas imágenes fotográficas pertenecientes al archivo escolar de un centro educativo de la ciudad de Talca en la región del Maule (Chile), pues permiten develar el significado familiar, mnemónico y comunitario que estas adquieren al reunirse en ese repertorio. Este valor igualmente se desprende de la observación del material oculto en el reverso y de las marcas del verso de las imágenes fotográficas

Thimor de Manuel Astica: Una mirada al relato utópico desde la ecocrítica

El personaje de la novela Thimor (1932) de Manuel Astica viaja por el Pacífico decidido a encontrar el mítico continente de Lemuria y relata en su bitácora los cuestionamientos a sus propios principios morales, alterados al contrastarse con las prácticas vitales de los isleños en su convivencia con la naturaleza. La narración avanza por los entramados del relato utópico para desentrañar el significado de esta transcendental experiencia y permite auscultar los acontecimientos que inspiraron a Astica en su creación: su paso por la Marina chilena y su rol en la revuelta de la Armada en 1931. A nuestro parecer, su encarcelamiento tras el motín, despierta en el autor reflexiones sobre las inequidades sociales que, desde el discurso ecocrítico, se enmarcan en una dialéctica entre el bienestar y la explotación medioambiental y del ser humano.   Palabras clave: utopía; ecocrítica; naturaleza; viaje

Revisitando as escuelas normales no chile: uma recuperação da história da formação de professores

A drastic economic, political, and cultural transformation experienced in Chile in the mid-1970s. In the field of teacher training for primary schools, since the late 1960s, a change was proposed, transferring this work from the Normal Schools to university training. The military coup of September 11, 1973, accelerated this process. The research about normal schools continued, in a general way, from a historiographic perspective and through the collection of stories. In that search, we found that the concepts of democracy, participation, citizenship, activism, and social justice were present in the formation of normal schools. This article proposes a work of reunion with the history of teacher training carried out in the Normal Schools to, through its review, analyze the new challenges that challenge teaching in Chile today.A mediados de los 70 en Chile se vivió una drástica transformación económica,  política y cultural. En el campo de la formación de docentes para escuelas primarias, desde fines de los 60 se proponía un cambio traspasando esa labor desde las Escuelas Normales a la formación universitaria. Un proceso que se aceleró con el golpe militar del 11 de septiembre de 1973. Desde aquel tiempo que la investigación sobre las escuelas normales ha continuado, de manera general, desde una perspectiva historiográfica y a través de la recopilación de relatos. Ahora, luego de una serie de transformaciones en la formación docente en nuestro país, proponemos avanzar hacia el rescate de las formas, contenidos y valores que se reforzaban en aquellos años. En esa búsqueda, encontramos que los conceptos de democracia, participación, ciudadanía, activismo y justicia social estaban presentes en la formación normalista. Este artículo propone un trabajo de reencuentro con la historia de la formación docente realizada en las Escuelas Normales para, a través de su revisión, analizar los nuevos desafíos que interpelan a la docencia en el Chile de hoy.Chile em meados da década de 1970 viveu uma drástica transformação econômica, política e cultural. No campo da formação de professores para escola básica, desde o final da década de 1960 foi proposta uma mudança, transferindo a formação de professores das Escolas Normais para a universitária. Esse processo que se acelerou com o golpe militar de 11 de setembro de 1973. Desde então, a pesquisa em escolas normais continuou, de maneira geral, a partir de uma perspectiva historiográfica e através da coleta de histórias. Agora, após uma série de transformações na formação de professores em nosso país, propomos avançar no resgate das formas, conteúdos e valores que foram reforçados naqueles anos. Nessa busca, constatamos que os conceitos de democracia, participação, cidadania, ativismo e justiça social estavam presentes na formação normalista. Este artigo propõe um trabalho de reencontro com a história da formação de professores realizada nas Escolas Normais para, através de sua revisão, analisar os novos desafios para o ensino hoje no Chile

Promotion of life skills in students of a training institution for work and human development of the city Barranquilla. Colombia

La investigación tuvo como objetivo, gestionar participativamente estrategias didácticas orientadas a la promoción de las habilidades para la vida (HPV) en los estudiantes de una institución de formación para el trabajo y el desarrollo humano. Se enmarcó en una metodología mixta, fundamentada en la investigación acción educativa, los participantes correspondieron a 20 docentes y 200 estudiantes de la institución. Como técnicas de recolección de la información se utilizaron la entrevista, el cuestionario y el grupo focal. Los resultados obtenidos de la investigación permitieron caracterizar las estrategias didácticas desarrolladas por los docentes en la entidad; analizar las concepciones y manifestaciones que tienen los estudiantes y docentes de la institución al respecto de las habilidades para la vida; identificar los elementos y características necesarios para formular estrategias didácticas que promuevan las habilidades para la vida. Con base a todo lo anterior se orientaron los lineamientos y criterios de las estrategias didácticas para la promoción de habilidades para la vida en los estudiantes.The research brings up as an aim, manage actively didactic strategies focus on skills promotion for student’s life from institution, focus on a mixed methodology, based on an edit educative research, participants were 20 teachers and 200 students. As a gathering technique of information, it was used interviews, questionnaires, and the focal group. Results obtained from the investigation allowed to characterize didactic strategies developed by entity students; analyzing conceptions and manifestations students and teachers from institution have according to the abilities for life; identify elements and characteristics needed to formulate didactic strategies that foster skills for life. Base on last ideas lineaments and judgment of didactic strategies to skills promotion for life in institution’s students

Statistically coherent calibration of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for major elements in rocks in minerals.

We applied both the ordinary linear regression (OLR) and the new uncertainty weighted linear regression (UWLR) models for the calibration and comparison of a XRF machine through 59 geochemical reference materials (GRMs) and a procedure blank sample. )e mean concentration and uncertainty data for the GRMs used for the calibrations (Supplementary Materials) (available here) filewere achieved from an up-to-date compilation of chemical data and their processing from well-known discordancy and significance tests. )e drift-corrected XRF intensity and its uncertainty were determined from mostly duplicate pressed powder pellets. )e comparison of the OLR (linear correlation coefficient r∼0.9523–0.9964 and 0.9771–0.9999, respectively, for before and after matrix correction) and UWLR models (r∼0.9772–0.9976 and 0.9970–0.9999, respectively) clearly showed that the latter with generally higher values of r is preferable for routine calibrations of analytical procedures. Both calibrations were successfully applied to rock matrices, and the results were generally consistent with those obtained in other laboratories although the UWLR model showed mostly narrower confidence limits of the mean (slope and intercept) or lower uncertainties than the OLR. Similar sensitivity (∼2.69–46.17 kc·s1·%1 for the OLR and ∼2.78–59.69 kc·s1·%1 for the UWLR) also indicated that the UWLR could advantageously replace the OLR model. Another novel aspect is that the total uncertainty can be reported for individual chemical data. If the analytical instruments were routinely calibrated from the UWLR model, this action would make the science of geochemistry more quantitative than at present

Regulation of Intestinal Immune Response by Selective Removal of the Anterior, Posterior, or Entire Pituitary Gland in Trichinella spiralis Infected Golden Hamsters

The influence of anterior pituitary hormones on the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals has been previously reported. Hypophysectomy (HYPOX) in the rat causes atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, and reduction of gastric secretion and intestinal absorption, as well as increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections. However, to our knowledge, no findings have been published concerning the immune response following HYPOX during worm infection, particularly that which is caused by the nematode Trichinella spiralis. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of total or partial HYPOX on colonization of T. spiralis in the intestinal lumen, together with duodenal and splenic cytokine expression. Our results indicate that 5 days post infection, only neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) reduces the number of intestinally recovered T. spiralis larvae. Using semiquantitative inmunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy, we observed that the mean intensity of all tested Th1 cytokines was markedly diminished, even in the duodenum of infected controls. In contrast, a high level of expression of these cytokines was noted in the NIL infected hamsters. Likewise, a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of Th2 cytokines (with the exception of IL-4) was apparent in the duodenum of control and sham infected hamsters, compared to animals with NIL surgeries, which showed an increase in the expression of IL-5 and IL-13. Histology of duodenal mucosa from NIL hamsters showed an exacerbated inflammatory infiltrate located along the lamina propria, which was related to the presence of the parasite. We conclude that hormones from each pituitary lobe affect the gastrointestinal immune responses to T. spiralis through various mechanisms

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero ([removed]2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16–0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26–0·57; p[removed]11 página

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality