Varespladib and cardiovascular events in patients with an acute coronary syndrome: the VISTA-16 randomized clinical trial

IMPORTANCE: Secretory phospholipase A2(sPLA2) generates bioactive phospholipid products implicated in atherosclerosis. The sPLA2inhibitor varespladib has favorable effects on lipid and inflammatory markers; however, its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of sPLA2inhibition with varespladib on cardiovascular outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial at 362 academic and community hospitals in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, India, and North America of 5145 patients randomized within 96 hours of presentation of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to either varespladib (n = 2572) or placebo (n = 2573) with enrollment between June 1, 2010, and March 7, 2012 (study termination on March 9, 2012). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive varespladib (500 mg) or placebo daily for 16 weeks, in addition to atorvastatin and other established therapies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary efficacy measurewas a composite of cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke, or unstable angina with evidence of ischemia requiring hospitalization at 16 weeks. Six-month survival status was also evaluated. RESULTS: At a prespecified interim analysis, including 212 primary end point events, the independent data and safety monitoring board recommended termination of the trial for futility and possible harm. The primary end point occurred in 136 patients (6.1%) treated with varespladib compared with 109 patients (5.1%) treated with placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95%CI, 0.97-1.61; log-rank P = .08). Varespladib was associated with a greater risk of MI (78 [3.4%] vs 47 [2.2%]; HR, 1.66; 95%CI, 1.16-2.39; log-rank P = .005). The composite secondary end point of cardiovascular mortality, MI, and stroke was observed in 107 patients (4.6%) in the varespladib group and 79 patients (3.8%) in the placebo group (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.82; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with recent ACS, varespladib did not reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and significantly increased the risk of MI. The sPLA2inhibition with varespladib may be harmful and is not a useful strategy to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes after ACS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01130246. Copyright 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved

Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND The cardiovascular safety profile of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium– glucose cotransporter 2 that promotes glucosuria in patients with type 2 diabetes, is undefined. METHODS We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes who had or were at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease to receive either dapagliflozin or placebo. The primary safety outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke. The primary efficacy outcomes were MACE and a composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure. Secondary efficacy outcomes were a renal composite (≥40% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate to <60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, new end-stage renal disease, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes) and death from any cause. RESULTS We evaluated 17,160 patients, including 10,186 without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, who were followed for a median of 4.2 years. In the primary safety outcome analysis, dapagliflozin met the prespecified criterion for noninferiority to placebo with respect to MACE (upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval [CI], <1.3; P<0.001 for noninferiority). In the two primary efficacy analyses, dapagliflozin did not result in a lower rate of MACE (8.8% in the dapagliflozin group and 9.4% in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.03; P=0.17) but did result in a lower rate of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure (4.9% vs. 5.8%; hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P=0.005), which reflected a lower rate of hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.88); there was no between-group difference in cardiovascular death (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.17). A renal event occurred in 4.3% in the dapagliflozin group and in 5.6% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.87), and death from any cause occurred in 6.2% and 6.6%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.04). Diabetic ketoacidosis was more common with dapagliflozin than with placebo (0.3% vs. 0.1%, P=0.02), as was the rate of genital infections that led to discontinuation of the regimen or that were considered to be serious adverse events (0.9% vs. 0.1%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes who had or were at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, treatment with dapagliflozin did not result in a higher or lower rate of MACE than placebo but did result in a lower rate of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, a finding that reflects a lower rate of hospitalization for heart failure. (Funded by AstraZeneca; DECLARE–TIMI 58 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01730534.

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Improved risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation: an integrated GARFIELD-AF tool for the prediction of mortality, stroke and bleed in patients with and without anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an accurate, web-based tool for stratifying patients with atrial fibrillation to facilitate decisions on the potential benefits/risks of anticoagulation, based on mortality, stroke and bleeding risks. DESIGN: The new tool was developed, using stepwise regression, for all and then applied to lower risk patients. C-statistics were compared with CHA2DS2-VASc using 30-fold cross-validation to control for overfitting. External validation was undertaken in an independent dataset, Outcome Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). PARTICIPANTS: Data from 39 898 patients enrolled in the prospective GARFIELD-AF registry provided the basis for deriving and validating an integrated risk tool to predict stroke risk, mortality and bleeding risk. RESULTS: The discriminatory value of the GARFIELD-AF risk model was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc for patients with or without anticoagulation. C-statistics (95% CI) for all-cause mortality, ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism and haemorrhagic stroke/major bleeding (treated patients) were: 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78), 0.69 (0.67 to 0.71) and 0.66 (0.62 to 0.69), respectively, for the GARFIELD-AF risk models, and 0.66 (0.64-0.67), 0.64 (0.61-0.66) and 0.64 (0.61-0.68), respectively, for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). In very low to low risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc 0 or 1 (men) and 1 or 2 (women)), the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED (for bleeding) scores offered weak discriminatory value for mortality, stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding. C-statistics for the GARFIELD-AF risk tool were 0.69 (0.64 to 0.75), 0.65 (0.56 to 0.73) and 0.60 (0.47 to 0.73) for each end point, respectively, versus 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55), 0.59 (0.50 to 0.67) and 0.55 (0.53 to 0.56) for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). Upon validation in the ORBIT-AF population, C-statistics showed that the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was effective for predicting 1-year all-cause mortality using the full and simplified model for all-cause mortality: C-statistics 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77) and 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77), respectively, and for predicting for any stroke or systemic embolism over 1 year, C-statistics 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Performance of the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc in predicting stroke and mortality and superior to HAS-BLED for bleeding, overall and in lower risk patients. The GARFIELD-AF tool has the potential for incorporation in routine electronic systems, and for the first time, permits simultaneous evaluation of ischaemic stroke, mortality and bleeding risks. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362) and for ORBIT-AF (NCT01165710)

Two-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation: results from GARFIELD-AF.

AIMS: The relationship between outcomes and time after diagnosis for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is poorly defined, especially beyond the first year. METHODS AND RESULTS: GARFIELD-AF is an ongoing, global observational study of adults with newly diagnosed NVAF. Two-year outcomes of 17 162 patients prospectively enrolled in GARFIELD-AF were analysed in light of baseline characteristics, risk profiles for stroke/systemic embolism (SE), and antithrombotic therapy. The mean (standard deviation) age was 69.8 (11.4) years, 43.8% were women, and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.3 (1.6); 60.8% of patients were prescribed anticoagulant therapy with/without antiplatelet (AP) therapy, 27.4% AP monotherapy, and 11.8% no antithrombotic therapy. At 2-year follow-up, all-cause mortality, stroke/SE, and major bleeding had occurred at a rate (95% confidence interval) of 3.83 (3.62; 4.05), 1.25 (1.13; 1.38), and 0.70 (0.62; 0.81) per 100 person-years, respectively. Rates for all three major events were highest during the first 4 months. Congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndromes, sudden/unwitnessed death, malignancy, respiratory failure, and infection/sepsis accounted for 65% of all known causes of death and strokes for <10%. Anticoagulant treatment was associated with a 35% lower risk of death. CONCLUSION: The most frequent of the three major outcome measures was death, whose most common causes are not known to be significantly influenced by anticoagulation. This suggests that a more comprehensive approach to the management of NVAF may be needed to improve outcome. This could include, in addition to anticoagulation, interventions targeting modifiable, cause-specific risk factors for death. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

On the problem of defining the concept and types of principles of legal regulation of lawyers

Крайз, О. І. До проблеми визначення поняття та видів принципів правового регулювання праці адвокатів / Крайз О. І. // Юридична наука. - 2020. - № 7(109). - С. 280-286. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.32844/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-109-7.36.Крайз , О. І. . (2020). ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОНЯТТЯ ТА ВИДІВ ПРИНЦИПІВ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПРАЦІ АДВОКАТІВ. Юридична наука, (7 (109), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.32844/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-109-7.36.Наголошено, що виділяючи принципи правового регулювання адвокатури варто проводити паралель між засадами, котрі формують основу публічно-процесуальної ролі адвоката та інституту адвокатури, а також ідеями їх трудової діяльності безпосередньо. Саме тому, принципи правового регулювання трудової діяльності адвокатів найбільш доцільно класифікувати таким чином: а) принципи на яких базується інститут адвокатури в цілому, тобто, вихідні засади визначені положеннями Закону України «Про адвокатуру та адвокатську діяльність»; б) принципи правового регулювання безпосередньо праці адвокатів, до яких відноситься три групи вихідних засад: принципи правового регулювання реалізації права на працю адвокатів; принципи правового регулювання соціального захисту адвокатів; принципи правового регулювання праці адвокатів, як самозайнятих осіб.The relevance of the article is that the Bar of Ukraine, which is a professional legal human rights institution, is a system-forming element of the mechanism for ensuring human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. Advocacy is the basis, the foundation of the rule of law and civil society, without the professional activity of which, primarily on the basis of absolute independence, their existence is generally questioned. The level of development of the bar directly indicates the level of democracy in society. The importance of lawyers’work necessitates a special approach to the regulation of their work. At the same time, it should be noted that the functioning of the bar is also in accordance with the whole system of basic laws, but of a special, legal nature, which in the legal literature are called principles. It is the latter that determine the most important starting points, the initial requirements for the employment of lawyers. The article analyzes scientific approaches to defining the concept and features of principles in law in general, as well as within individual branches of law in particular. Based on the analysis, the author’s definition of the concept of principles of legal regulation of lawyers is proposed. Theoretical approaches to the classification of principles in law are highlighted. A significant degree of relevance of the studied issues was stated. It is also worth noting that most existing classifications are often formed according to the formula, which highlights the general principles of law, the most established principles inherent in all legal phenomena and institutions, as well as sectoral, intersectoral principles that relate to specific sectors of legal reality. Scientific approaches to the principles of advocacy follow this formula, but within them the basic principles of the functioning of the bar as a whole are highlighted. That is, the basic principles developed by scientists do not show the laws, ideas of legal regulation of labor and labor-related relations, but relate to the public side of advocacy. In view of the above, we do not agree with any of the proposed classifications. In our opinion, highlighting the principles of legal regulation of the bar, it is necessary to draw a parallel between the principles that form the basis of the public procedural role of the lawyer and the bar, as well as the ideas of their work directly. That is why the principles of legal regulation of lawyers’work are best classified as follows: a) the principles on which the bar is based in general, ie, the basic principles are determined by the Law of Ukraine «On Advocacy and Advocacy»; b) the principles of legal regulation of the work of lawyers directly, which includes three groups of basic principles: the principles of legal regulation of the right to work of lawyers; principles of legal regulation of social protection of lawyers; principles of legal regulation of lawyers’work as self-employed persons.Отмечено, что, выделяя принципы правового регулирования адвокатуры, следует проводить параллель между основами, формирующими основу публично-процессуальной роли адвоката и института адвокатуры, а также идеями их трудовой деятельности непосредственно. Именно поэтому принципы правового регулирования трудовой деятельности адвокатов наиболее целесообразно классифицировать следующим образом: а) принципы на которых базируется институт адвокатуры в целом, то есть, исходные основы определены положениями Закона Украины «Об адвокатуре и адвокатской деятельности»; б) принципы правового регулирования непосредственно труда адвокатов, к которым относятся три группы исходных принципов: принципы правового регулирования реализации права на труд адвокатов; принципы правового регулирования социальной защиты адвокатов; принципы правового регулирования труда адвокатов как самозанятых лиц

Principles of legal regulation of the right to work of lawyers

Крайз, О. І. Принципи правового регулювання реалізації права на працю адвокатів / Крайз О. І. // Юридична наука. - 2020. - № 8 (110). - С. 258-264. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.32844/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-110-8.33.Крайз , О. І. . (2020). ПРИНЦИПИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРАВА НА ПРАЦЮ АДВОКАТІВ . Юридична наука, (8 (110), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.32844/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-110-8.33.Визначено особливості, специфіку та нормативну основу права на працю. Розглянуто принципи правового регулювання реалізації права на працю безпосередньо в розрізі трудової діяльності адвокатів, а також надано їм характеристику. Самоврядування доцільно тлумачити як характеристику незалежного ззовні, самостійного функціонування структурованого обʼєкта. В контексті адвокатури та забезпечення реалізації права на працю адвокатів, самоврядність виражається в тому, що рішення про допуск відповідної особи до професії відбувається в середині адвокатського середовища, за допомогою органів та інструментів адвокатського самоврядування.The relevance of the article is that Ukraineʼs acquisition of the status of an independent state opened the possibility for the development of many democratic institutions for human and civil rights and freedoms, which in Soviet times were truncated. The bar became one of such institutes. This has led to the fact that today advocacy is one of the most popular, due to several important factors, including the high prestige of the profession and the level of remuneration of lawyers, the range of rights of which is no narrower. Like all other categories of workers, lawyers also have the full right to work, the legal regulation of the provision and implementation of which is based on an independent system of principles. The article, based on the analysis of scientific views of scientists, identifies the features, specifics and regulatory framework of the right to work. Emphasis is placed on the complexity of the right to work, its subjectivity, as well as the variety of implementation mechanisms depending on each type of work separately. The principles of legal regulation of the realization of the right to work directly in the context of the employment of lawyers are determined, and they are also given a description. self-government should be interpreted as a characteristic of independent from the outside, the independent functioning of the structured object. In the context of advocacy and ensuring the exercise of the right to work of lawyers, self-government is expressed in the fact that the decision to admit a person to the profession takes place in the legal environment, with the help of bodies and tools of self-government. That is, neither the state nor any other person under these conditions has the right to admit a person to the legal community, as this possibility is fully concentrated in the hands of specially created collegial selfgoverning bodies in the field of advocacy. The existence of the principle of selfgovernment, in our opinion, is a supplement to the basic principle of independence of advocacy. After all, under such conditions, the identity of the bar is ensured, in a way its independence from external influence at the stage of admission and training of new members is guaranteed.Определены особенности, специфика и нормативная основа права на труд. Рассмотрены принципы правового регулирования реализации права на труд непосредственно в разрезе трудовой деятельности адвокатов, а также предоставлена ​​им характеристика. Самоуправление целесообразно толковать как характеристику независимого извне, самостоятельного функционирования структурированного объекта. В контексте адвокатуры и обеспечения реализации права на труд адвокатов, самоуправление выражается в том, что решение о допуске соответствующего лица к профессии происходит внутри адвокатской среды, с помощью органов и инструментов адвокатского самоуправления

To characterize the principles of legal regulationof social protection of lawyers

Крайз, О. І. До характеристики принципів правового регулювання соціального захисту адвокатів / Крайз О. І. // Юридична наука. - 2020. - № 9 (111). - С. 216-222. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.32844/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-111-9.27.Крайз , О. І. . (2020). ДО ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПРИНЦИПІВ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ АДВОКАТІВ . Юридична наука, (9 (111), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.32844/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-111-9.27.Визначено сутність та особливості соціального захисту, як комплексного, полігалузевого інституту, який включає в себе спеціальний набір соціальних прав та гарантій. Акцентовано увагу на недосконалості нормативно-правового регулювання соціального захисту адвокатів, що обумовлено відсутність якісного та змістовного законодавчого забезпечення цієї сфери. Розглянуто коло та охарактеризовано принципи правового регулювання соціального захисту адвокатів.The article, based on the analysis of scientific views of scientists and current legislation, identified the nature and features of social protection as a complex, multisectoral institution, which includes a special set of social rights and guarantees. Emphasis is placed on the imperfections of the legal regulation of social protection of lawyers, which is due to the lack of quality and meaningful legislative support in this area. It was found that the principle of combining high-quality state policy and effective work of self-governance of lawyers. State policy is a system of measures, means and methods of a state-legal nature, united by a common goal and tasks, which collectively characterize the vector of provision and support of a certain socially important sphere. From here it is possible to distinguish law enforcement, legal, social and, accordingly, social policy. The determined principle forms the requirement that the social protection of the lawyer is one of the main parts of the social policy of the state as a whole, which should include an appropriate set of measures aimed at the social security of the rights of representatives of the legal profession. At the same time, such state "presence" in the issue of social protection of lawyers should be limited only to standards and basic requirements, principles, while the basic regulation of this issue should take place at the self-government level, in the work of self-government bodies of lawyers in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine. About Advocacy and Advocacy". It was emphasized that the lawyer’s profession is becoming more diverse and complex every year. If earlier, professional areas were mostly limited to defense within the framework of criminal proceedings, as well as representation of interests in civil, economic and family disputes, today narrower areas are emerging in a geometric progression that require the lawyer to have additional, atypical knowledge and skills, such as the field of information technologies, international markets, migration processes and so on.Определены сущность и особенности социальной защиты, как комплексного, полиотраслевого института, включающего в себя специальный набор социальных прав и гарантий. Акцентировано внимание на несовершенстве нормативно-правового регулирования социальной защиты адвокатов, что обусловлено отсутствием качественного и содержательного законодательного обеспечения этой сферы. Рассмотрен круг и охарактеризованы принципы правового регулирования социальной защиты адвокатов

Foreign experience in the legal regulation of lawyers and the possibility of its use in the context of improving the principles of legal regulation of lawyers in Ukraine

Крайз, О. І. Зарубіжний досвід правового регулювання праці адвокатів та можливості його використання в контексті вдосконалення принципів правового регулювання праці адвокатів в Україні / Крайз О. І. // Юридична наука. - 2019. - № 11 (101), т. 2. - С. 297-303.Опрацьовано досвід зарубіжних країн в питанні правового регулювання та організації діяльності адвокатів на прикладі таких держав, як: Сполучені Штати Америки, Великобританія, Німеччина, Республіка Казахстан та Республіка Узбекистан. Виділено ключові особливості досвіду вказаних держав у відповідній сфері. Визначено специфіку перейняття зарубіжного досвіду в аспекті удосконалення практичної реалізації принципів правового регулювання праці адвокатів в Україні.The relevance of the article lies in the fact that in the 21st century, Ukraine embarked on the path of continuous transformation of internal state processes and mechanisms with the aim of establishing democratic principles, creating new European-oriented social welfare institutions and generally improving the image of our state in the international community. At the same time, an important part of this process is not only the national policy in the relevant sectors, but also the adoption of positive foreign experience on certain issues. The legal profession, as an important and integral institution of any democratic state, acts as one of the central objects of reformation processes. Because of this, the study of the specifics of its activity, including the issues of legal regulation of the work of lawyers, involves an in-depth study of foreign experience, as well as the establishment of its most positive examples for adoption. The article examines the experience of foreign countries in the regulation and organization of lawyers on the example of such states as the United States, Great Britain, Germany, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The key features of the experience of these states in the relevant field are highlighted. The specifics of adopting foreign experience in the aspect of improving the practical implementation of the principles of legal regulation of lawyers in Ukraine are determined. The study of the foreign experience of legal regulation of the work of lawyers on the example of such foreign countries as: the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Uzbekistan, showed a wide variety of approaches to the organization of the legal profession and the regulation of the work of lawyers. For example, in some countries, the activities of lawyers are regulated by the bodies of the judicial branch of government and are generally under their control; in the second - the work of lawyers is independent, and the labor rights of these subjects are clearly defined at the level of legislative norms; in the third - regulatory legal acts of the labor field of law do not regulate the specifics of the work of lawyers at all. It should be emphasized that the experience of each state, without exception, has its own positive and negative factors and, as a result, it is possible to one degree or another to be implemented into the national legal system in order to improve the principles of legal regulation of the work of lawyers in Ukraine, but only in a consolidated format.Переработан опыт зарубежных стран в вопросе правового регулирования и организации деятельности адвокатов на примере таких государств, как Соединенные Штаты Америки, Великобритания, Германия, Республика Казахстан и Республика Узбекистан. Выделены ключевые особенности опыта указанных государств в соответствующей сфере. Определена специфика перенятия зарубежного опыта в аспекте усовершенствования практической реализации принципов правового регулирования труда адвокатов в Украине