17 research outputs found

    ComprĂ©hension de l’influence de l’environnement sur les mĂ©canismes de lubrification solide des couches minces Ă  base carbone

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    Like Carbon (DLC) coatings that exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability and tribological performance. It is well established that the frictional and wear performances of a-C:H:Si:O are less dependent on environment than that of pure hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H). However the fundamental mechanisms accounting for such excellent tribological behavior of a-C:H:Si:O are still not fully understood. The present work, which is part of a collaboration between the Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des SystĂšmes of Ecole Centrale de Lyon and the department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics of University of Pennsylvania, consists in using a multi-scale, multidisciplinary and multi-technique experimental approach for understanding the influence of environment on the tribological response of a-C:H:Si:O. A wide rang of complementary techniques, including nanoindentation, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Friction Force Microscopy (FFM), optical and electron microscopy, Raman, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), have thus been used to fully characterize the structure, composition and mechanics of the studied material, as deposited as well as after tribological testing. Control of the environment has been achieved first thanks to an open air linear reciprocating tribometer that we equipped with a gas blowing system, thus allowing a quick change of the sliding environment, and a environment-controlled analytical tribometer operating from high vacuum to elevated pressures of desired gases. We were able to evidence the strong influence of the amount of water vapor in the environment on the friction behavior of a- C:H:Si:O, with a reversible behavior when abruptly changing the environment. Contrary to water vapor, oxygen promotes the wear of a-C:H:Si:O. SEM observations revealed that while sliding a-C:H:Si:O against 52100 steel, the frictional response is controlled by the build-up and the release of adhesive junctions within the interface. Under high vacuum and below a threshold pressure of water vapor (1 mbar), oxygen (10 mbar) and hydrogen (50 mbar), adhesive junctions are released in the steel, resulting in a transfer of material from steel to a-C:H:Si:O and in a high coefficient of friction (Ό≈1.2). However, as the gas pressure is increased above the threshold, the adhesive junctions break on the a-C:H:Si:O side, leading to a material transfer in the opposite direction, from the a-C:H:Si:O to the steel. NEXAFS spectroscopy revealed that a dissociative reaction occurs between the gaseous species and the strained C–C atoms in the near surface region ofa-C:H:Si:O, thus resulting in a drastic decrease of the steady state coefficient of friction by at least an order of magnitude. In light of these observations, an analytical model has been proposed to describe the fundamental interaction mechanisms between the environment and the a-C:H:Si:O/steel tribopairs.Les revĂȘtements de carbone amorphe hydrogĂ©nĂ© (a-C:H) avec incorporation de silicium et d’oxygĂšne (a-C:H:Si:O) sont une catĂ©gorie de lubrifiants solides, de la famille des Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), prĂ©sentant aussi bien de bonnes propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques que tribologiques et une bonne stabilitĂ© thermique. Bien qu’il soit Ă©tabli que le comportement tribologique de ces couches est moins dĂ©pendant de l’environnement que celui des couches a-C:H, sans Ă©lĂ©ments d’addition, l’origine physicochimique de ce comportement reste Ă  Ă©lucider. Ce travail de thĂšse s’inscrit dans le cadre une collaboration internationale entre le Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des SystĂšmes de l’Ecole Centrale Lyon et le dĂ©partement de GĂ©nie MĂ©canique et MĂ©canique AppliquĂ©e de l’UniversitĂ© de Pennsylvanie, et a pour objectifs d’apporter des rĂ©ponses Ă  ces questions ouvertes. Un large Ă©ventail de techniques expĂ©rimentales complĂ©mentaires, notamment la nanoindentation, la microscopie Ă  force atomique (AFM), la microscopie Ă  mesure de force (FFM), la microscopie optique et Ă©lectronique, le Raman, la spectroscopie de photoĂ©lectron X (XPS) et la spectroscopie de structure prĂšs du front d’absorption de rayons X (NEXAFS) a Ă©tĂ© mis en oeuvre pour non seulement Ă©tablir une carte d’identitĂ© mĂ©canique, structurale et chimique du revĂȘtement initial, mais aussi comprendre les modifications structurelles induites par le frottement. Afin de contrĂŽler l’environnement au cours des essais tribologiques, nous avons utilisĂ© d’une part un tribomĂštre linĂ©aire alternatif, que nous avons Ă©quipĂ© d’un systĂšme de soufflage de gaz permettant de changer rapidement l’environnent au cours des essais, et d’autre part un tribomĂštre analytique Ă  environnement contrĂŽlĂ© autorisant des expĂ©rimentations tant sous vide poussĂ© qu’à pression Ă©levĂ©e de gaz. Ainsi, nous avons pu montrer que le coefficient de frottement augmente avec le taux de vapeur d’eau dans l’environnement et cela est rĂ©versible lorsqu’on diminue brusquement l’humiditĂ©. En outre, la vapeur d’eau protĂšge la couche de l’usure alors que la prĂ©sence d’oxygĂšne la favorise. Grace aux observations en microscopie Ă©lectronique, nous avons pu prouver que le comportement tribologique des couches a- C:H:Si:O, lors d’un frottement contre de l’acier 100Cr6, est essentiellement contrĂŽlĂ© par la formation de jonctions adhĂ©sives dans l’interface. Sous vide poussĂ© ou Ă  faible pression de gaz (<1 mbar de vapeur d’eau, <10 mbar d’oxygĂšne ou <50 mbar d’hydrogĂšne), la rupture de ces jonctions adhĂ©sives a lieu dans l’acier, rĂ©sultant en un transfert de matĂ©riau de l’acier vers l’a-C:H:Si:O s’accompagnant d’un coefficient de frottement Ă©levĂ© (Ό≈1.2). Au delĂ  de ces pressions seuils de gaz, les jonctions adhĂ©sives se rompent du cĂŽtĂ© du a-C:H:Si:O, le transfert de matiĂšre s’opĂ©rant alors dans la direction opposĂ©e, du revĂȘtement vers l’acier. Des analyses NEXAFS ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que ce phĂ©nomĂšne s’expliquait par une rĂ©action dissociative entre les Ă©lĂ©ments du gaz environnant et les liaisons carbone C–C contraintes, favorisĂ©e par la sollicitation mĂ©canique en extrĂȘme surface de l’a-C:H:Si:O. Ceci rĂ©sulte en une diminution drastique du coefficient de frottement Ă  des valeurs d’un ordre de grandeur infĂ©rieures Ă  celles obtenues dans la configuration prĂ©cĂ©dente. L’ensemble de ces rĂ©sultats nous a ainsi permis de dĂ©velopper un modĂšle expĂ©rimental expliquant les mĂ©canismes fondamentaux d’interaction entre l’environnement et les lubrifiants solides du type a-C:H:Si:O

    Understanding the hydrogen and oxygen gas pressure dependence of the tribological properties of silicon oxide-doped hydrogenated amorphous carbon coatings

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    Silicon oxide-doped hydrogenated amorphous carbons (a–C:H:Si:O) are amorphous thin films used as solid lubricants in a range of commercial applications, thanks to its increased stability in extreme environments, relative to amorphous hydrogenated carbons (a–C:H). This work aims to develop a fundamental understanding of the environmental impact on the tribology of a–C:H:Si:O. Upon sliding an a–C:H:Si:O film against a steel counterbody, two friction regimes develop: high friction in high vacuum and low gas pressure (oxygen pressure < 10 mbar; hydrogen pressure < 50 mbar), and a low friction regime at higher gas pressures (10 mbar < oxygen pressure < 500 mbar; 50 mbar < hydrogen pressure < 1000 mbar). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the tribological behavior of a–C:H:Si:O is governed by adhesive junctions at the sliding interface. At low gas pressures, material transfer from the steel pin to the a–C:H:Si:O flat occurs. At higher gas pressures, a tribofilm forms on the steel countersurface. Raman and near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) spectroscopies demonstrate that upon sliding under the higher gas pressure, low friction regime, a surface layer with an elevated fraction of sp2-bonded carbon atoms forms. These changes indicate that these gases favor the release of the adhesive junctions by dissociatively reacting with the mechanically-stressed sp2 carbon-rich surface layer

    Structure-property relationships from universal signatures of plasticity in disordered solids

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    When deformed beyond their elastic limits, crystalline solids flow plastically via particle rearrangements localized around structural defects. Disordered solids also flow, but without obvious structural defects. We link structure to plasticity in disordered solids via a microscopic structural quantity, “softness,” designed by machine learning to be maximally predictive of rearrangements. Experimental results and computations enabled us to measure the spatial correlations and strain response of softness, as well as two measures of plasticity: the size of rearrangements and the yield strain. All four quantities maintained remarkable commonality in their values for disordered packings of objects ranging from atoms to grains, spanning seven orders of magnitude in diameter and 13 orders of magnitude in elastic modulus. These commonalities link the spatial correlations and strain response of softness to rearrangement size and yield strain, respectively

    Compressions medullaires lentes en milieu Rhumatologique a Lome (Togo)

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    Patients et mĂ©thodes : Il s’est agi d’une Ă©tude multicentrique, transversale, menĂ©e du 1er janvier au 31 mars 2019 sur dossiers des patients admis en hospitalisation dans les trois services de rhumatologie Ă  LomĂ©. Le diagnostic positif de syndrome de compression mĂ©dullaire Ă©tait clinique. Le diagnostic Ă©tiologique a reposĂ© sur des arguments cliniques et paracliniques.RĂ©sultats : 165 des 3261 patients examinĂ©s (5%) souffraient d’un syndrome de compression mĂ©dullaire lente. Les 165 patients (84 hommes ; 81 femmes) avaient un Ăąge moyen de 54 ± 17 ans (extrĂȘmes : 2 et 86 ans). La durĂ©e moyenne d’évolution Ă©tait de 20 ± 35 mois (extrĂȘmes : 2j et 18 ans). Les motifs d’hospitalisation Ă©taient une impotence fonctionnelle (80,6%) associĂ©e ou non Ă  une cervicalgie (12,9%), Ă  une dorsalgie (15,3%), Ă  une dorsolombalgie (28,8%) et Ă  une lombalgie (46,6%). Les principaux signes cliniques Ă©taient un syndrome rachidien (96,4%) et une parĂ©sie ou paralysie (95,2%). Le syndrome de compression mĂ©dullaire Ă©tait rĂ©vĂ©lateur de la maladie dans 64,8% des cas. La radiographie standard a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e chez tous les patients (100%), la TDM dans 43,6% des cas et l’IRM dans 16,4%. Les Ă©tiologies Ă©taient les causes tumorales malignes (93 ; 56,4%) dominĂ©es par les mĂ©tastases de cancers solides (59 ; 35,7%), les spondylodiscites bactĂ©riennes (46 ; 27,8%) dominĂ©es par le mal de Pott (40 ; 24,2%) et les affections rachidiennes dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ratives (26 ; 15,8%).Conclusion : Le syndrome de compression mĂ©dullaire lente est rare en pratique rhumatologique Ă  LomĂ©. Les Ă©tiologies sont dominĂ©es par les causes tumorales malignes principalement les mĂ©tastases de cancers solides. Mots clĂ©s : Compression mĂ©dullaire; Etiologie; MĂ©tastases de cancers solides ; Mal de Pott. English abstract: Spinal cord compressions in Rheumatology in Lome (Togo)&nbsp; Objective: To determine the prevalence and etiologies of slow spinal cord compression syndrome in rheumatology in LomĂ©. Patients and methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective study, conducted from January 1 to March 31, 2019 on records of patients admitted to hospital in the three rheumatology departments in LomĂ©. The positive diagnosis of spinal cord syndrome was clinical. The etiological diagnosis was based on clinical and paraclinical arguments. Results: 165 of 3261 patients examined (5%) suffered from slow spinal cord compression syndrome. The 165 patients (84 men; 81 women) had a mean age of 54 ± 17 years (range: 2 and 86 years). The mean duration of evolution was 20 ± 35 months (range: 2 days and 18 years). The reasons for hospitalization were a limitation of the walking distance (85.5%) associated or not with back pain (98.8%), and radiculalgia (89.1%). The main clinical signs were spinal syndrome (96.4%) and paresis or paralysis (95.2%). Spinal cord compression syndrome was indicative of the disease in 64.8% of cases. Standard radiography was performed in all patients (100%), CT in 43.6% of cases and MRI in 16.4%. The aetiologies were malignant tumor causes (56.4%) dominated by metastases of solid cancers (63.4%), bacterial spondylodiscitis (27.8%) dominated by Pott's disease (24.2%) and degenerative spinal diseases (15.8%). Conclusion: Slow spinal cord compression syndrome is rare in rheumatology practice in LomĂ©. The aetiologies are dominated by malignant tumor causes, mainly metastases from solid cancers. Key words: Spinal cord compression; Etiology; Metastases of solid cancers; Pott's disease
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