Acoustic Measurement of Snow

Instrumentation commonly used to measure snowpack stratigraphy, snow density, Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), temperature and liquid water content is usually invasive and requires disruption of the snowpack. Most measurement techniques modify the snow medium and more than one sample cannot be taken at the same location. This does not permit continuous monitoring of these parameters using a single measurement instrument. An acoustic wave sent into the snowpack was used to measure snow. To provide the theory required to make acoustic measurements, the Biot-Stoll model of sound wave propagation in porous media was modified using a mixture theory so that it was applicable to a multiphase porous medium. The combined model is called the Unified Thermoacoustic Model (UTAM) for snow. An acoustic measurement device, the System for the Acoustic Sensing of Snow (SAS2), was designed to send sound waves into snow and to receive the reflected sound waves using a loudspeaker and a microphone array. A stationary version of the SAS2 was deployed on a met station and a portable version of the SAS2 was placed on a roving ski-based platform. The systems were deployed at field sites in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Alberta. The results showed that the SAS2 was able to measure snow density, temperature, and liquid water content and serve as a replacement technology for snowtube and snowpit measurements. Snow density was estimated more accurately by the SAS2 than from commonly-used snow tube techniques

Acoustic sounding of snow water equivalent

An acoustic frequency-swept wave was investigated as a means for determining Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) in cold wind-swept prairie and sub-alpine environments. Building on previous research conducted by investigators who have examined the propagation of sound in snow, digital signal processing was used to determine acoustic pressure wave reflection coefficients at the interfaces between 'layers' indicative of changes in acoustic impedance. Using an iterative approach involving boundary conditions at the interfaces, the depth-integrated SWE was determined using the Berryman equation from porous media physics. Apparatuses used to send and receive sound waves were designed and deployed during the winter season at field sites situated near the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and in Yoho National Park, British Columbia. Data collected by gravimetric sampling was used as comparison for the SWE values determined by acoustic sounding. The results are encouraging and suggest that this procedure is similar in accuracy to SWE data collected using gravimetric sampling. Further research is required to determine the applicability of this technique for snow situated at other geographic locations

Quantum fluctuations of Wilson loops from string models

We discuss the impact of quadratic quantum fluctuations on the Wilson loop extracted from classical string theory. We show that a large class of models, which includes the near horizon limit of D_p branes with 16 supersymmetries, admits a L\"{u}scher type correction to the classical potential. We confirm that the quantum determinant associated with a BPS configuration of a single quark in the AdS_5 \times S^5 model is free from divergences. We find that for the Wilson loop in that model, unlike the situation in flat space-time, the fermionic determinant does not cancel the bosonic one. For string models that correspond to gauge theories in the confining phase, we show that the correction to the potential is of a L\"{u}scher type and is attractive.Comment: 1+33 pages, 3 figures, a minor correction, references adde

PERANAN BADAN PERENCANAAN, PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN DALAM PENYUSUNAN RENCANA KERJA PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH (RKPD) DI KABUPATEN KARIMUN

RKPD merupakan penjabaran Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) untuk jangka waktu 1 (satu) tahun, memuat rancangan kerangka ekonomi daerah, prioritas pembangunan daerah, rencana kerja dan pendanaannya dengan mengacu kepada Rencana Kerja Pemerintah (RKP). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Badan Perencanaan, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kabupaten Karimun. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Peranan Badan Perencanaan, Penelitian dan Pengembangan (BAPERLITBANG) Dalam Penyusunan Rencana Kerja Pembangunan Daerah (RKPD) di Kabupaten Karimun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Dalam penelitian ini ada beberapa teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan oleh penulis dalam penelitiannya yaitu teknik Observasi, Wawancara dan Dokumentasi. Sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data sehingga menemukan gambaran dan kseimpulan tentang permasalahan yang diteliti. data digambarkan dengan kalimat kata-kata atau kalimat yang dipisah-pisah menurut kategori untuk memperoleh kesimpulan. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil dan kesimpulan bahwa Peranan Badan Perencanaan, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Dalam Penyusunan Rencana Kerja Pembangunan Daerah Menurut Permendagri Nomor 54 Tahun 2010 Tentang Tahapan dan Tatacara penyusunan RKPD dapat lihat dari Persiapan Rancangan RKPD, Penyusunan Rancangan Awal, Penyusunan Rancangan RKPD, Pelaksanaan Musrenbang RKPD, Perumusan Rancangan Akhir RKPD dan Penetapan RKPD. pelaksanaannya belum seutuhnya dapat terlaksana dengan baik, masih banyak kekurangan dan kendala, dimana Kurangnya kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) yang memadai dalam melakukan perencanaan, Perencanaan yang belum matang, Rendahnya koordinasi dinasdinas/SKPD Kabupaten Karimun dengan Baperlitbang Kabupaten Karimun, Rendahnya penyampaian data dari perangkat dinas/SKPD tepat waktu, serta Kurangnya peran serta masyarakat dalam menyampaikan usulan pembangunan ke Baperlitbang Kabupaten Karimun. Kata Kunci: Badan Perencanaan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Rencana Kerja Pembangunan Daera

Dual String Description of Wilson Loop in Non-commutative Gauge Theory

The Wilson loop in some non-commutative gauge theories is studied by using the dual string description in which the corresponding string is on the curved background with B field. For the theory in which a constant B field is turned on along the brane worldvolume the Wilson loop always shows a Coulomb phase, as studied in the previous literature. We extend the examination to the theory with a non-constant B field, which duals to the gauge theory with non-constant non-commutativity, and re-examine the theory in the presence of a nonzero B field with one leg along the brane worldvolume and other transverse to it, which duals to a non-commutative dipole theory. The expectation value of the Wilson loop is calculated to the lowest order by evaluating the area of the string worldsheet. The results show that, while the non-commutativity could modify the Coulomb type potential in IR it may produce a strong repulsive force between the quark and anti-quark if they are close enough. In particular, we find that there presents a minimum distance between the quarks and that the distance is proportional to the value of the non-commutativity, exhibiting the nature of the non-commutative theory.Comment: Latex 12 page

Wilson loops from supergravity and string theory

We present a theorem that determines the value of the Wilson loop associated with a Nambu-Goto action which generalizes the action of the $AdS_5\times S_5$ model. In particular we derive sufficient conditions for confining behavior. We then apply this theorem to various string models. We go beyond the classical string picture by incorporating quadratic quantum fluctuations. We show that the bosonic determinant of $D_p$ branes with 16 supersymmetries yields a Luscher term. We confirm that the free energy associated with a BPS configuration of a single quark is free from divergences. We show that unlike for a string in flat space time in the case of $AdS_5\times S_5$ the fermionic determinant does not cancel the bosonic one. For a setup that corresponds to a confining gauge theory the correction to the potential is attractive. We determine the form of the Wilson loop for actions that include non trivial $B_{\mu\nu}$ field. The issue of an exact determination of the value of the stringy Wilson loop is discussed. Talk presented in string 99 Potsdam.Comment: 12 pages Late

Semiclassical strings on confining backgrounds

This paper discusses some results on semiclassical string configurations lying in the IR sector of supergravity backgrounds dual to confining gauge theories. On the gauge theory side, the string states we analyse correspond to Wilson loops, glueballs and KK-hadrons. The 1-loop correction to the classical energy is never subleading, but can be viewed as a coupling dependent rescaling of the dimensionful parameters of the theory.Comment: 11 pages, contribution for the proceedings of the RTN Workshop, Kolymbari, Crete, Greece, 5-10 Sep 200

PARTISIPASI IBU RUMAH TANGGA DALAM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA (Studi di Bank Sampah Asri, Kelurahan Malaka Sari, Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur)

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui partisipasi ibu rumah tangga dalam mengelola sampah rumah tangga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Mengetahui partisipasi dan jenis partisipasi ibu rumah tangga dalam melakukan pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga, 2) Mengetahui faktor pendorong dan faktor penghambat ibu rumah tangga dalam melakukan pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Bank Sampah Asri, Kelurahan Malaka Sari, Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan studi kepustakaan. Subjek dalam penelitian ini terdapat 10 orang informan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa: 1) Partisipasi ibu rumah tangga terbagi menjadi partisipasi pada tahap pembuatan keputusan, pelaksanaan, pemanfaatan hasil, dan evaluasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ibu rumah tangga lebih banyak melakukan partisipasi pada tahap pemanfaatan hasil, sedangkan jenis partisipasi yang mayoritas dilakukan adalah partisipasi tenaga. 2) Faktor pendorong partisipasi ibu rumah tangga dilihat dari adanya kemauan serta sesuai dengan kepentingan dan minat masyarakat. Kemudian faktor penghambat partisipasi ibu rumah tangga dilihat dari hambatan secara struktural adalah kurang aktifnya peran ketua RT serta ketua RW 02 yang mengajak ibu rumah tangga dan masyarakat untuk melakukan pengelolaan sampah serta untuk hambatan internalnya adalah masih kurang aktifnya masyarakat untuk menjaga lingkungan dan merawat fasilitas yang ada. This research was conducted to determine housewife participation in managing household waste. The aims of this study were: 1) To find out the participation and types of housewife participation in managing household waste, 2) To find out the driving factors and inhibiting factors of the housewife in managing household waste. The research method used is qualitative. This research was conducted at the Asri Garbage Bank, Malaka Sari Village, Duren Sawit District, East Jakarta. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature studies. The subjects in this study were 10 informants. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Community participation is divided into participation at the stages of decision making, implementation, utilization of results, and evaluation. The results of the study show that the housewife participates more in the results utilization stage, while the type of participation that is mostly carried out is the participation of workers. 2) The driving factor for community participation is the existence of a will and in accordance with the interests and interests of the community. Then the inhibiting factor for community participation seen from structural obstacles is the less active role of the RT head and RW 02 head who invites the community to carry out waste management and for internal obstacles is the lack of active housewife and community to protect the environment and maintain existing facilities