Reviewing South America Institutionalism and the Failure of Regional Integration Process

Revolusi Amerika Selatan secara massif pada awal abad 19, berdampak terhadap terbentuknya negara independen dan proses dekolonisasi oleh Kekaisaran Spanyol dan Portugal. Gaungan unifikasi atas dasar persamaan kultural dan linguistik berusaha diimplementasikan di wilayah ini secara terus-menerus, tetapi nyatanya proses integrasi regional ini selalu menemui kegagalan. Lemahnya proses industrialisasi, terbatasnya konsolidasi kedaulatan, serta banyaknya konflik internal turut serta berkontribusi dalam gagalnya usaha ini. Permasalahan ini terus berlanjut secara periodik hingga pada masa pembentukan regionalisme global pasca PD2. Disaat integrasi regional telah berhasil terbentuk di Afrika dan Eropa semisalnya, Amerika Selatan belum juga berhasil menegakkan suatu institusi regionalisme yang terpadu dan berdaya kompetisi tinggi di pasar dunia. Dari implikasi tersebut, karya ilmiah ini akan mencari interkoneksi antara pengaruh geopolitik kawasan dengan pembentukan institusi domestik untuk menemukan akar permasalahan gagalnya pembentukan regionalisme di Amerika Selatan, faktor historis semenjak dekolonisasi hingga gelombang revolusi sosialis abad 21 didalam dinamika Amerika Selatan akan digunakan sebagai fondasi analisis karya ilmiah ini. Kemudian, paradigma konstruktivis akan digunakan sebagai pengampu, disertai teori dan konsep regionalisme praktis oleh pakar Hubungan Internasional Jeffrey Checke

A search for the Higgs boson decay to two electrons with the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment

A search is presented for the Higgs boson decay to a pair of electrons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data set was collected with the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the Large Hadron Collider between 2016 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 inverse femtobarns. The analysis develops event categories targeting Higgs boson production via gluon fusion and vector boson fusion, defined by selection on dedicated machine learning-based classifiers. An upper limit on the Higgs boson branching fraction to an electron pair is determined as 3.0 x 10^(-4) at the 95% confidence level, which is the most sensitive limit to date.Open Acces

The Curriculum of the dissenting academies with special reference to factors determining it: 1660-1800

Tutors of English academies between 1660 and 1800 are arranged in three groups: Chapter 2: Tutors trained at Oxford and Cambridge; Chapter 3: Tutors without Oxford or Cambridge experience, but apparently endeavouring to reproduce, with some modification, the traditional curriculum; Chapter 4: Tutors constructing their own curricula - classified thus: I. Doddridge and his successors; II. Unitarians; III. Orthodox; IV. Baptists; V. Methodist Revival.(Appendices contain lists of tutors not included in the body of the Thesis, and an original theory concerning the Short family).Details are given of curricula in a number of academies, and some longer original accounts, with some textbook lists, are reproduced in an appendix. Determining factors for the curriculum are shown principally by investigating (i) statements by tutors (and other influential men), (ii) textbooks written by tutors, (iii) educational and other antecedents of tutors. Evidence is given of the educational effect on the academies of various influences, including that of the Cambridge Platonists and those of foreign (particularly Dutch . and - although not so significantly in some matters concerning the curriculum as sometimes claimed - Scots) universities. In more than one case the inspiration of an innovation is traced back to a less-known predecessor of the tutor (eg. Rowe, Doddridge, Oldfield) who introduced it. The part played by the academies in shaping the curriculum of modern English higher education is indicated, particularly in relation to the introduction of new subjects (English Language and Elocution, English Literature, Modern Languages, Modern History and Political Theory), to the reorientation of approach to traditional subjects, and to other matters (including specialization and integration of the curriculum, lecture-method, freedom of discussion, and the instructional use of the vernacular)

Exploring the unique challenges of presenting English Heritage’s castles to a contemporary audience

[EN] The seventy-nine castles in the care of English Heritage Trust (EHT) are some of the most visually stunning and historically important in the world. In recent years, EHT has explored new ways of sharing the histories and stories of these properties with local communities and with domestic and international visitors. This paper presents a review of these approaches, outlining the ways in which the Trust has applied different methodologies to castles within certain areas of operation, such as Interpretation; Digital Content; and Conservation. It assesses the self-reflection of EHT staff members from some of the organisation’s operations as to how certain strategies and approaches have met the expectations of both the EHT and its target audiences. It outlines approaches to sharing our passion for these properties which were not heavily reliant on significant monetary investment, for instance examining how to re-interpret castles in the context of a challenging economic climate. It assesses some of the philosophies behind the decisions made as well. These reflections are examined in the context of a new castle interpretation project currently underway, at Warkworth Castle in Northumberland, England. They are presented to our international colleagues with the explicit desire to share our experiences and improve our industry’s approach to the interpretation of humanity’s rich castle heritage.Savage, J.; Wyeth, W. (2020). Exploring the unique challenges of presenting English Heritage’s castles to a contemporary audience. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 993-1000. https://doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2020.2020.11421OCS993100

River Jordan: African American Urban Life in the Ohio Valley

Since the nineteenth century, the Ohio River has represented a great divide for African Americans. It provided a passage to freedom along the underground railroad, and during the industrial age, it was a boundary between the Jim Crow South and the urban North. The Ohio became known as the “River Jordan,” symbolizing the path to the promised land. In the urban centers of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville, blacks faced racial hostility from outside their immediate neighborhoods as well as class, color, and cultural fragmentation among themselves. Yet despite these pressures, African Americans were able to create vibrant new communities as former agricultural workers transformed themselves into a new urban working class. Unlike most studies of black urban life, Trotter’s work considers several cities and compares their economic conditions, demographic makeup, and political and cultural conditions. Beginning with the arrival of the first blacks in the Ohio Valley, Trotter traces the development of African American urban centers through the civil rights movement and the developments of recent years. Presents a comprehensive overview of African-American urban life from colonial days to about 1960. -- American Historical Review The Ohio River Valley traditionally has held a major symbolic significance for African Americans as the cultural and geographic line of demarcation between slavery and freedom, oppression and opportunity, despair and hope. Trotter searches for regional themes of the black experience in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville. -- Choice By illuminating the connections among racism, deindustrialization, and the continuing transformation of rural southern blacks into new urban workers, Trotter contributes significantly to our understanding of the contemporary urban crisis. -- Henry L. Taylor, SUNY Buffalo Summarizes most of the existing scholarship on four African American cities: Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville. -- Indiana Magazine of History Covers substantial intellectual territory. . . . Represents a novel and creative approach to black urban history. It provides an important model for future scholars. -- Journal of American History Covers substantial intellectual territory. -- Journal of American History In a tightly crafted synthesis of African American history in the Ohio Valley, Joe Trotter examines black life in four important urban communities: Cincinnati, Evansville, Louisville, and Pittsburgh. -- Journal of Appalachian Studies Synthesizes the scholarship of the past two decades that has examined blacks who lived in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville. -- Journal of Illinois History A wide-ranging work of synthesis, covering such themes as the migration of rural southern blacks, the participation of blacks in the urban political economy and their role in the struggle for justice. -- Northwest Ohio Quarterly Illuminates the impact of the Ohio River in the context of the larger American story. -- Now & Then Successfully synthesizes the work on the urban life of African Americans. . . . An excellent book. -- Ohio History As a general study of black urban life and with particular important insights into the complexity of the Ohio Valley region, River Jordan is essential reading. -- Ohio Valley History Contributes greatly to our understanding of urban problems. -- Pennsylvania Historyhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_african_american_studies/1007/thumbnail.jp

A new six-degree-of-freedom force-reflecting hand controller for space telerobotics

A new 6 degree of freedom universal Force Reflecting Hand Controller (FRHC) was designed for use as the man-machine interface in teleoperated and telerobotic flight systems. The features of this new design include highly intuitive operation, excellent kinesthetic feedback, high fidelity force/torque feedback, a kinematically simple structure, mechanically decoupled motion in all 6 DOF, good back-drivability, and zero backlash. In addition, the new design has a much larger work envelope, smaller stowage volume, greater stiffness and responsiveness, and better overlap of the human operator's range of motion than do previous designs. The utility and basic operation of a new, flight prototype FRHC called the Model X is briefly discussed. The design heritage, general design goals, and design implementation of this advanced new generation of FRHCs are presented, followed by a discussion of basic features and the results of initial testing

The Historiography of Black Workers in the Urban Midwest: Toward a Regional Synthesis

Focusing on Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Milwaukee, this article explores the transformation of research on black workers in the urban Midwest from the foundational years of the early 20th century through recent times. While much work remains to be done, a century of innovative research on different time periods, topics, and themes provides an excellent opportunity to craft a regional Midwestern synthesis of black labor and working class history. This article is based upon Professor Trotter\u27s keynote address, Toward a Regional Synthesis of the Black Working Class: The Urban Midwest from the American Revolution to the Postindustrial Age, given at the Fourth Annual Midwestern History Conference in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on June 6, 2018. The article also draws partly from Professor Trotter\u27s forthcoming book, Workers on Arrival: Black Labor in the Making of America (University of California Press, 2019)

Pengaruh Digital Marketing, Brand Ambassador, Brand Image Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Whitelab Pada Pengguna Whitelab Kota Medan

Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh Digital Marketing, Brand Ambassador dan Brand Image terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Whitelab pada pengguna Whitelab di Kota Medan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling, menggunakan metode nonprobability sampling dan menggunakan rumus lemeshow dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 100 responden. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis linier berganda. Pengujian secara parsial (Uji t) menunjukan bahwa variabel independen Digital Marketing dan Brand Image berpengaruh terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Whitelab pada pengguna Whitelab di Kota Medan, sedangkan variabel Brand Ambassador tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Whitelab pada pengguna Whitelab di Kota Medan. Hasil secara simultan (Uji F) yang menunjjukan bahwa ketiga variabel independent (Digital Marketing, Brand Ambassador Dan Brand Image) berpengaruh terhadap variabel dependen (Keputusan Pembelian) Nilai Adjusted  yang diperoleh sebesar 56% dan sisanya 38% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini