Breaking the misery wheel? Fertility control, social mobility, and biological well-being in rural Spain (1835–1959)

Abstract Fertility control strategies became widespread in rural Spain through the twentieth century: a significant number of parents decided to reduce their marital fertility once the advantages of control strategies became widely known. This paper explores the impact of those practices on children through a comparative study of the heights and occupations of grandparents, parents, and children. We analyze more than 1,200 individuals from three different generations born between 1835 and 1959 in 14 rural Spanish villages, studying whether the advantages associated with fertility control were maintained over time favoring a better family status or whether they were diluted in the next generation. The largest increases in height were among children whose parents controlled their fertility by stopping having children before the mother's 36th birthday. However, it does not seem that this increase in biological well-being was accompanied by major episodes of upward social mobility

Influence of pH on colour and iron content of peptide fractions obtained from bovine Hb concentrate hydrolysates

The effect of pH on colour and iron content (Fe) of peptide fractions obtained from bovine haemoglobin concentrate (BHC) hydrolysates was studied. Four hydrolysates were obtained using three enzymes: Protex- 6-L (P), Fungal?Protease?Concetrate (FC) and Flavourzyme (F). BHC and its hydrolysates (P, FC, P + F, FC + F) were fractioned at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 9.5. Solubility and Fe from different fractions were measured. Correlations between CIELAB colour parameters and Fe from different fractions were analysed. The colour from different fractions varied from red to yellow (a* and b* positives). Lightness values (L*) ranged from twenty-four to seventy. FC4.5 and FC + F4.5 fractions were the clearest and yellow (higher L*, b*, h), while BHC9.5 and P + F9.5 fractions had the lowest values of L*, b* and h. There was an inverse linear relationship between b* and L* parameters and Fe from fractions. This relationship could be associated with the pH of extraction. As pH increases Fe significantly increases and lower b* and L* values were obtained.Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: González, Rolando J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentin

Cytisus malacitanus Boiss. Subsp. Moleroi (Fern. Casas) A. Lora, Hern. Berm. Y J. Prados (Fabaceae), stat. & comb. Nov: Posición taxonómica, corología y ecología

.

Pharmaceutical specialities

Se hace una breve revisión sobre las especializaciones farmacéuticas, fundamentalmente las del grupo segundo. Se insiste en la necesidad del desarrollo legal de las mismas y se apunta una posible modificación de la relación existente.A brief review about pharmaceutical specialities, specially those of the second group, has been made. The necessity of its legal development and a possible modification of actual list has been remarked

Estimating the longitudinal magnetic field in the chromosphere of quiet-Sun magnetic concentrations

Details of the magnetic field in the quiet Sun chromosphere are key to our understanding of essential aspects of the solar atmosphere. We aim to determine the longitudinal magnetic field component (B_lon) of quiet Sun regions depending on their size. We estimated B_lon by applying the weak-field approximation (WFA) to high-spatial-resolution Ca II 854.2 nm data taken with the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope. Specifically, we analyzed the estimates inferred for different spectral ranges using the data at the original cadence and temporally integrated signals. The longitudinal magnetic field in each considered plasma structure correlates with its size. Using a spectral range restricted to the line core leads to chromospheric longitudinal fields varying from 50 G at the edges to 150-500 G at the center of the structure. These values increase as the spectral range widens due to the photospheric contribution. However, the difference between this contribution and the chromospheric one is not uniform for all structures. Small and medium-sized concentrations show a steeper height gradient in B_lon compared to their chromospheric values, so estimates for wider ranges are less trustworthy. Signal addition does not alleviate this situation as the height gradients in B_lon are consistent with time. Finally, despite the amplified noise levels that deconvolving processes may cause, data restored with the destretching technique show similar results, though are affected by smearing. We obtained B_lon estimates similar to those previously found, except for large concentrations and wide spectral ranges. In addition, we report a correlation between the height variation of B_lon compared to the chromospheric estimates and the concentration size. This correlation affects the difference between the photospheric and chromospheric magnetic flux values and the reliability of the estimates for wider spectral ranges.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics; abstract has been abridge

La institucionalización de los estudios antropológicos en Cuba (1875-1903)

The present work focuses in a description of the main subjects that drew the attention of the members of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Cuba and of the Anthropological Society of the Island of Cuba. The description is enriched by data referring to the forming of the original archeological collections and to the foundation of museums, as well as to the organization of scientifical expeditions aimed at discovering areas of archeological interest and at collecting materials for exhibition in those museums. The present work is part of a project referring to the archeological studies carried out in Cuba during the last century, and gives much consideration to the personality of Luis Montané Dardé.El trabajo se centra en una descripción de los principales temas que atrajeron la atención de los miembros de la Real Academia de Ciencias de Cuba y de la Sociedad Antropológica de la Isla de Cuba. A esto se agregan datos referidos a la constitución de las primeras colecciones arqueológicas y a la fundación de museos, así como a la realización de expediciones científicas para reconocer áreas de interés arqueológico y colectar materiales para dichos museos. Este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto acerca de los estudios antropológicos en Cuba —en particular de la figura de Luis Montané Dardé— durante el pasado siglo

Granule associated DNase in T4 and T8 lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune diseases

AbstractThe presence of a DNase activity associated with secretion granules was detected in T4 and T8 lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune diseases. This activity was much higher in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) than in Graves' disease (GD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) or in healthy subjects. This granule associated DNase activity was Ca2+-dependent, inhibited by Zn2+, and higher at low pH; its molecular weight corresponded to 66kDa; it was more active with double-strand than single-strand DNA. Judging from its properties this enzyme differed from the three types of endonucleases described as involved in DNA fragmentation (DNase I, DNase II and NUC18). Flow cytometry analysis of T lymphocytes showed that DNase activity associated with CD4+ lymphocyte granules correlated with the ratio CD4+CD45RO+/CD4+CD45RA+ (memory and cytotoxic cells/naive cells, inducers of suppression). In contrast, T8 lymphocyte DNase activity correlated with the proportion of CD4+ lymphocytes with CD4+CD45RA− phenotype (helpers and inducers of cytotoxicity). The possible role of this DNase activity in the mechanisms of lysis or apoptosis mediated by CTL is discussed. We suggest that this DNase activity could be implicated in some of the alterations of the autoimmune response depending on cytotoxic T lymphocytes or T cell inducers of apoptosis