Management of the conflict between carnivores and livestock in Patagonia using mixed-breed guarding dogs

El conflicto entre carnívoros nativos y ganado en Argentina es manejado principalmente matando carnívoros, una estrategia ineficiente para proteger ganado y con consecuencias ecológicas negativas. En el nortede Patagonia, donde productores de escasos recursos crían cabras y ovejas, este conflicto es la mayor amenazapara el gato andino (Leopardus jacobita). Para mitigar el conflicto y conservar a este felino satisfaciendo laspercepciones y condicionamientos de pobladores rurales encuestamos a los productores y probamos un método de protección utilizando perros mestizos que se crían con el ganado. Las mayores pérdidas reportadas deganado se debieron al zorro culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) y puma (Puma concolor). De 2005 a 2013 la crianza de 58 perros por 45 productores (rebaños promedio de 379 cabras, DE=184) entrenó satisfactoriamente 28 perros (48% de éxito). Dieciséis de 18 crianceros (89%) con perros protectores reportaron reducción en ataques a ganado y 86% dejaron de cazar carnívoros nativos. En un grupo control de 9 productores sin perros, 8 (89%) reportaron similar o mayor depredación de ganado y todos continuaron cazando carnívoros nativos. El costo anual promedio de mantenimiento de cada perro fue 183 dólares, 7% de las pérdidas promedio de ganado. Los perros mestizos utilizados fueron de menor tamaño (15-20 kilos) y más económicos para mantener que razas protectoras tradicionales (30-55 kilos). Su éxito reduciendo pérdidas estimadas de ganado y caza de carnívoros nativos dependió especialmente del interés y capacitación de los productores para entrenarlos, ambos facilitados por la difusión de la experiencia de productores exitosos.The conflict between native carnivores and livestock in Argentina is managed principally by killing carnivores. This strategy is inefficient for mitigating livestock losses and has negative ecological consequences. In northern Patagonia, where low-income herders raise goats and sheep, conflict is widespread and is the principal threat to Andean cats (Leopardus jacobita). To mitigate the conflict and conserve this feline using methods sensitive to the perceptions and conditions of herders, we carried out interviews and tested the use of mixed-breed guarding dogs raised with livestock. Herders reported the greatest predation losses to be from culpeos (Lycalopex culpaeus) and pumas (Puma concolor). From 2005 to 2013, 45 herders (average herd size=379 goats, SD=184) raised 58 dogs and trained 28 successfully (48% success rate). Sixteen of 18 herders (89%) with guarding dogs reported reductions in attacks on livestock and 86% stopped hunting native carnivores. In a control group of 9 herders without guarding dogs, 8 (89%) reported similar or increased predation on livestock, and all continued to hunt native carnivores. Average annual cost of maintenance was 183 US dollars per dog, equivalent to 7% of the average annual losses of livestock per herder. Mixed-breed dogs used were smaller (15-20 kg) and were cheaper to maintain than traditional purebred guarding breeds (30-55 kg). Their success in reducing both estimated losses of livestock and hunting of native carnivores depended in part on habitat conditions, but especially on the interest and training of herders to appropriately raise the dogs, which were stimulated and facilitated respectively by sharing the experience of successful producers.Fil: Novaro, Andres Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos. Provincia del Neuquén. Subsecretaría de Producción y Recursos Naturales. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: González, Alejandro. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos. Provincia del Neuquén. Subsecretaría de Producción y Recursos Naturales. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Pailacura, Oscar. Provincia del Neuquén. Subsecretaría de Producción y Recursos Naturales. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Bolgeri, María José. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Hertel, Marina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Funes, Martín. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Walker, Rebecca Susana. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unido

SCREENING E AVALIAÇÃO ANTIFÚNGICA DO HIDROLATO E DO ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DE MENTHA PIPERITA

O óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L é amplamente utilizado nas indústrias alimentícia, farmacêutica e de cosméticos. Os tradicionais processos de obtenção deste tipo de óleo geram como subproduto o hidrolato, uma complexa mistura de compostos orgânicos em meio aquoso, que é considerado um efluente da extração. Avaliaram-se propriedades físico-químicas e antifúngicas do óleo essencial e do hidrolato frente a um “pool” de microrganismos, caracterizados macro e microscopicamente como leveduras, provenientes de morangos do comércio da cidade de São Paulo, SP. O óleo essencial e o hidrolato foram obtidos pelo método de Cleavenger por hidrodestilação. A avaliação da atividade antifúngica do hidrolato, do óleo essencial e de uma mistura óleo essencial e hidrolato (1:1) foram realizadas através do método de difusão em discos. O hidrolato apresentou características físico-químicas intermediárias às da água destilada e do óleo essencial. Quanto à análise da inibição do “pool” de contaminantes fúngicos oriundos de morangos, verificou-se que os microrganismos apresentaram sensibilidade frente ao óleo essencial e à mistura de hidrolato-óleo (1:1). Nos testes realizados utilizando apenas hidrolato não foram observados halos de inibição contra os microrganismos avaliados. A utilização do hidrolato em conjunto com o óleo essencial de Mentha piperita Lmostra-se promissora frente ao combate de leveduras com importância na conservação de alimentos, tal como o foi em morangos, permitindo assim a reutilização do resíduo de extração (hidrolato) associado ao óleo essencial, em alternativa à aplicação de fungicidas sintéticos, agregando valor a este efluente

Promoting Mental Health and Preventing Mental Illness in General Practice

This paper calls for the routine integration of mental health promotion and prevention into UK General Practice in order to reduce the burden of mental and physical disorders and the ensuing pressure on General Practice. The proposals & the resulting document (https://ethicscharity.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/rcgp_keymsg_150925_v5.pdf) arise from an expert ‘Think Tank’ convened by the London Journal of Primary Care, Educational Trust for Health Improvement through Cognitive Strategies (ETHICS Foundation) and the Royal College of General Practitioners. It makes 12 recommendations for General Practice: (1) Mental health promotion and prevention are too important to wait. (2) Work with your community to map risk factors, resources and assets. (3) Good health care, medicine and best practice are biopsychosocial rather than purely physical. (4) Integrate mental health promotion and prevention into your daily work. (5) Boost resilience in your community through approaches such as community development. (6) Identify people at increased risk of mental disorder for support and screening. (7) Support early intervention for people of all ages with signs of illness. (8) Maintain your biopsychosocial skills. (9) Ensure good communication, interdisciplinary team working and inter-sectoral working with other staff, teams and agencies. (10) Lead by example, taking action to promote the resilience of the general practice workforce. (11) Ensure mental health is appropriately included in the strategic agenda for your ‘cluster’ of General Practices, at the Clinical Commissioning Groups, and the Health and Wellbeing Board. (12) Be aware of national mental health strategies and localise them, including action to destigmatise mental illness within the context of community development

Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating : universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2.

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating

Narcisismo y búsqueda estratégica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a través de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a través de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripción de la sexualidad internacional 2

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating.Estudios previos, en primer lugar a través de las muestras de culturas occidentales, han documentado asociaciones sistemáticas del narcisismo subclínico con múltiples indicadores de estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo (p. ej. sociosexualidad ilimitada, infidelidad, caza de pareja). En este estudio se han usado respuestas de la encuesta transcultural de 30.470 personas de 53 naciones de 11 regiones mundiales (América del Norte, América del Sur/América Central, Europa del Norte, Europa del Oeste, Europa del Este, Europa del Sur, Oriente Próximo, África, Asia del Sur/Sudoeste de Asia, Asia del Este y Oceanía) para evaluar si el narcisismo (medido por el Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista; NPI) se asocia panuniversalmente con los indicadores del emparejamiento a corto plazo, tanto en la dirección, como en la intensidad. Los resultados sugieren que el narcisismo (incluidos muchos aspectos suyos medidos por el NPI) tiene las mismas asociaciones básicas con los rasgos de personalidad relacionados con el sexo (p. ej. extraversión alta) y con los resultados sexuales claves (p. ej. búsqueda más activa de las estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo) a través de las 11 mayores regiones mundiales del PDSI 2. La discusión se enfoca en las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio actual

Changing perspectives on the internationalization of R&D and innovation by multinational enterprises: a review of the literature

Internationalization of R&D and innovation by Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) has undergone a gradual and comprehensive change in perspective over the past 50 years. From sporadic works in the late 1950s and in the 1960s, it became a systematically analysed topic in the 1970s, starting with pioneering reports and “foundation texts”. Our review unfolds the theoretical and empirical evolution of the literature from dyadic interpretations of centralization versus decentralization of R&D by MNEs to more comprehensive frameworks, wherein established MNEs from Advanced Economies still play a pivotal role, but new players and places also emerge in the global generation and diffusion of knowledge. Hence views of R&D internationalization increasingly rely on concepts, ideas and methods from IB and other related disciplines such as industrial organization, international economics and economic geography. Two main findings are highlighted. First, scholarly research pays an increasing attention to the network-like characteristics of international R&D activities. Second, different streams of literature have emphasized the role of location- specific factors in R&D internationalization. The increasing emphasis on these aspects has created new research opportunities in some key areas, including inter alia: cross-border knowledge sourcing strategies, changes in the geography of R&D and innovation, and the international fragmentation of production and R&D activities

Comment on Interplay of Structural and Optoelectronic Properties in Formamidinium Mixed Tin-Lead Triiodide Perovskites

Studying optoelectronic properties in FAPb(1-x)Sn(x)I(3) and in FA(0.83)Cs(0.17)Pb(1-x)Sn(x)I(3) perovskites as a function of the lead:tin content, Parrott et al. (2018) and Savill et al. (2020) observed the broadest luminescence linewidth and the largest Stokes shift in mixed compositions with Sn 85%. It is in contrast to the intuitive expectation of the largest effects of alloy disorder for the 50:50 composition. This comment addresses the alloy disorder caused by statistical local spatial fluctuations of the alloy composition and shows that the largest effects of alloy disorder for perfectly random fluctuations in FAPb(1-x)Sn(x)I(3) and FA(0.83)Cs(0.17)Pb(1-x)Sn(x)I(3) are, in fact, expected for x 0.85. It can be one of the reasons why Pb-rich and Sn-rich Sn-Pb perovskites typically show shorter photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes, broader emission, increased Stokes shifts, reduced PL quantum yield, and higher Urbach tails, compared with their lead-only counterparts

Clinical Course, Myopathology and Challenge of Therapeutic Intervention in Pediatric Patients with Autoimmune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy

(1) Background: Immune–mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a rare form of inflammatory muscle disease which is even more rare in pediatric patients. To increase the knowledge of juvenile IMNM, we here present the clinical findings on long-term follow-up, myopathological changes, and therapeutic strategies in two juvenile patients. (2) Methods: Investigations included phenotyping, determination of antibody status, microscopy on muscle biopsies, MRI, and response to therapeutic interventions. (3) Results: Anti-signal recognition particle (anti-SRP54) and anti- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarly coenzyme A reductase (anti-HMGCR) antibodies (Ab) were detected in the patients. Limb girdle presentation, very high CK-levels, and a lack of skin rash at disease-manifestation and an absence of prominent inflammatory signs accompanied by an abnormal distribution of α-dystroglycan in muscle biopsies initially hinted toward a genetically caused muscle dystrophy. Further immunostaining studies revealed an increase of proteins involved in chaperone-assisted autophagy (CASA), a finding already described in adult IMNM-patients. Asymmetrical muscular weakness was present in the anti-SRP54 positive Ab patient. After initial stabilization under therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins and methotrexate, both patients experienced a worsening of their symptoms and despite further therapy escalation, developed a permanent reduction of their muscle strength and muscular atrophy. (4) Conclusions: Diagnosis of juvenile IMNM might be complicated by asymmetric muscle weakness, lack of cutaneous features, absence of prominent inflammatory changes in the biopsy, and altered α-dystroglycan

Muscular and molecular pathology associated with SPATA5 deficiency in a child with EHLMRS.

Mutations in the SPATA5 gene are associated with epilepsy, hearing loss and mental retardation syndrome (EHLMRS). While SPATA5 is ubiquitously expressed and is attributed a role within mitochondrial morphogenesis during spermatogenesis, there is only limited knowledge about the associated muscular and molecular pathology. This study reports on a comprehensive workup of muscular pathology, including proteomic profiling and microscopic studies, performed on an 8‐year‐old girl with typical clinical presentation of EHLMRS, where exome analysis revealed two clinically relevant, compound‐heterozygous variants in SPATA5. Proteomic profiling of a quadriceps biopsy showed the dysregulation of 82 proteins, out of which 15 were localized in the mitochondrion, while 19 were associated with diseases presenting with phenotypical overlap to EHLMRS. Histological staining of our patient’s muscle biopsy hints towards mitochondrial pathology, while the identification of dysregulated proteins attested to the vulnerability of the cell beyond the mitochondria. Through our study we provide insights into the molecular etiology of EHLMRS and provide further evidence for a muscle pathology associated with SPATA5 deficiency, including a pathological histochemical pattern accompanied by dysregulated protein expression