Design and implementation of the node identity internetworking architecture

The Internet Protocol (IP) has been proven very flexible, being able to accommodate all kinds of link technologies and supporting a broad range of applications. The basic principles of the original Internet architecture include end-to-end addressing, global routeability and a single namespace of IP addresses that unintentionally serves both as locators and host identifiers. The commercial success and widespread use of the Internet have lead to new requirements, which include internetworking over business boundaries, mobility and multi-homing in an untrusted environment. Our approach to satisfy these new requirements is to introduce a new internetworking layer, the node identity layer. Such a layer runs on top of the different versions of IP, but could also run directly on top of other kinds of network technologies, such as MPLS and 2G/3G PDP contexts. This approach enables connectivity across different communication technologies, supports mobility, multi-homing, and security from ground up. This paper describes the Node Identity Architecture in detail and discusses the experiences from implementing and running a prototype

Omitting radiotherapy in women >= 65 years with low-risk early breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant endocrine therapy is safe

Purpose: The aim of this study was to verify if radiotherapy (RT) safely can be omitted in older women treated for estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and endocrine therapy (ET). Patients and Methods: Eligibility criteria were: consecutive patients with age >= 65 years, BCS + sentinel node biopsy, clear margins, unifocal T1N0M0 breast cancer tumor, Elston-Ellis histological grade 1 or 2 and estrogen receptor-positive tumor. After informed consent, adjuvant ET for 5 years was prescribed. Primary endpoint was ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). Secondary endpoints were contralateral breast cancer and overall survival. Results: Between 2006 and 2012, 603 women were included from 14 Swedish centers. Median age was 71.1 years (range 65-90). After a median follow-up of 68 months 16 IBTR (cumulative incidence at five-year follow-up; 1.2%, 95% CI, 0.6% to 2.5%), 6 regional recurrences (one combined with IBTR), 2 distant recurrences (both without IBTR or regional recurrence) and 13 contralateral breast cancers were observed. There were 48 deaths. One death (2.1%) was due to breast cancer and 13 (27.1%) were due to other cancers (2 endometrial cancers). Five-year overall survival was 93.0% (95% CI, 90.5% to 94.9%). Conclusion: BCS and ET without RT seem to be a safe treatment option in women >= 65 years with early breast cancer and favorable histopathology. The risk of IBTR is comparable to the risk of contralateral breast cancer. Moreover, concurrent morbidity dominates over breast cancer as leading cause of death in this cohort with low-risk breast tumors. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd, BASO similar to The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Efficient generation of energetic ions in multi-ion plasmas by radio-frequency heating

We describe a new technique for the efficient generation of high-energy ions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in multi-ion plasmas. The discussed three-ion scenarios are especially suited for strong wave absorption by a very low number of resonant ions. To observe this effect, the plasma composition has to be properly adjusted, as prescribed by theory. We demonstrate the potential of the method on the world-largest plasma magnetic confinement device, JET (Joint European Torus, Culham, UK), and the high-magnetic-field tokamak Alcator C-Mod (Cambridge, USA). The obtained results demonstrate efficient acceleration of He-3 ions to high energies in dedicated hydrogendeuterium mixtures. Simultaneously, effective plasma heating is observed, as a result of the slowing-down of the fast He-3 ions. The developed technique is not only limited to laboratory plasmas, but can also be applied to explain observations of energetic ions in space-plasma environments, in particular, He-3-rich solar flares.Peer reviewe

Adjuvant Capecitabine for Early Breast Cancer: 15-Year Overall Survival Results From a Randomized Trial

PURPOSEFew data are available regarding the influence of adjuvant capecitabine on long-term survival of patients with early breast cancer.METHODSThe Finland Capecitabine Trial (FinXX) is a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial that evaluates integration of capecitabine to an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen containing a taxane and an anthracycline for the treatment of early breast cancer. Between January 27, 2004, and May 29, 2007, 1,500 patients with axillary node-positive or high-risk node-negative early breast cancer were accrued. The patients were randomly allocated to either TX-CEX, consisting of three cycles of docetaxel (T) plus capecitabine (X) followed by three cycles of cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and capecitabine (CEX, 753 patients), or to T-CEF, consisting of three cycles of docetaxel followed by three cycles of cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and fluorouracil (CEF, 747 patients). We performed a protocol-scheduled analysis of overall survival on the basis of approximately 15-year follow-up of the patients.RESULTSThe data collection was locked on December 31, 2020. By this date, the median follow-up time of the patients alive was 15.3 years (interquartile range, 14.5-16.1 years) in the TX-CEX group and 15.4 years (interquartile range, 14.8-16.0 years) in the T-CEF group. Patients assigned to TX-CEX survived longer than those assigned to T-CEF (hazard ratio 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.99; P = .037). The 15-year survival rate was 77.6% in the TX-CEX group and 73.3% in the T-CEF group. In exploratory subgroup analyses, patients with estrogen receptor–negative cancer and those with triple-negative cancer treated with TX-CEX tended to live longer than those treated with T-CEF.CONCLUSIONAddition of capecitabine to a chemotherapy regimen that contained docetaxel, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide prolonged the survival of patients with early breast cancer.</p

25 Years of Self-organized Criticality: Concepts and Controversies

Introduced by the late Per Bak and his colleagues, self-organized criticality (SOC) has been one of the most stimulating concepts to come out of statistical mechanics and condensed matter theory in the last few decades, and has played a significant role in the development of complexity science. SOC, and more generally fractals and power laws, have attracted much comment, ranging from the very positive to the polemical. The other papers (Aschwanden et al. in Space Sci. Rev., 2014, this issue; McAteer et al. in Space Sci. Rev., 2015, this issue; Sharma et al. in Space Sci. Rev. 2015, in preparation) in this special issue showcase the considerable body of observations in solar, magnetospheric and fusion plasma inspired by the SOC idea, and expose the fertile role the new paradigm has played in approaches to modeling and understanding multiscale plasma instabilities. This very broad impact, and the necessary process of adapting a scientific hypothesis to the conditions of a given physical system, has meant that SOC as studied in these fields has sometimes differed significantly from the definition originally given by its creators. In Bak’s own field of theoretical physics there are significant observational and theoretical open questions, even 25 years on (Pruessner 2012). One aim of the present review is to address the dichotomy between the great reception SOC has received in some areas, and its shortcomings, as they became manifest in the controversies it triggered. Our article tries to clear up what we think are misunderstandings of SOC in fields more remote from its origins in statistical mechanics, condensed matter and dynamical systems by revisiting Bak, Tang and Wiesenfeld’s original papers

En experimentundersökning om intresse och elevresultat

Intresse är en stark drivkraft i lärandet. Syftet med vår undersökning var att experimentellt undersöka hur olika sorters presentation (manipulation, behandling) av samma lärostoff påverkar elevers intresse och resultat. Vi ville även se om denna påverkan skiljde sig mellan flickor och pojkar samt elever i olika åldrar. Vi utgick från hypotesen att det går att aktivt styra elevers intresse och resultat. Två kvantitativa experiment testade hur drygt 300 elever i årskurs åtta och nio reagerade på olika sorters lärostoff. Experimenten innebar att eleverna fick samma lärostoff, fast presenterat på olika vis. I det ena experimentet fick hälften av eleverna en kopia i färg och hälften av eleverna en kopia i svartvitt. I det andra experimentet fick hälften av eleverna en laborationsinstruktion med bilder som illustrerade texten, och andra hälften fick en laborationsinstruktion utan bilder. Experimenten innehöll en enkät i vilken eleverna dels fick göra en kunskapstest, dels svara på frågor om upplevt intresse. Experimenten visar en väntad positiv samvariation mellan intresse och elevresultat, vilket innebar att elever som presterade bättre angav en högre grad av intresse för det presenterade lärostoffet. En högre grad av intresse ökade även motivationen att utföra fler liknande uppgifter. Intresset att utföra laborationen var större hos eleverna som fick behandling med bild, vilket stämde överens med vår hypotes. Däremot gav den svartvita presentationen av det första experimentet både bättre elevresultat och högre grad av angivet intresse. Detta var motsatt förväntat resultat, vilket förkastade vår hypotes. Resultaten för båda experimenten visar en interaktionseffekt mellan behandling och årskurs. Eleverna i årskurs nio hade sämre resultat än eleverna i årskurs åtta, men utmärkte sig mindre negativt på behandlingen med färgkopior. Flickorna hade bättre resultat än pojkarna på båda experimenten. Undersökningen indikerar att intresse och resultat följs åt. De resultat som avvek från det förväntade, visar dock att aktiv styrning av intresse och elevprestationer kräver kunskap och förståelse om de elever som undervisningen gäller. För att sätta alla resultat i ett sammanhang har vi gjort en modell med tre sorters intresse: personligt intresse, situationsintresse och målstyrt intresse

Vad är lärares och elevers bild av hälsa inom ämnet idrott och hälsa?

Sammanfattning Syftet med vår studie var att vi ville undersöka hur några lärare i grundskolans tidigare år arbetar med hälsoperspektivet i ämnet idrott och hälsa, samt några elevers syn på hälsoperspektivet i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Vi valde att använda oss av intervjuer som insamlingsmetod för att ta reda på hur lärare och elever definierar hälsobegreppet, om de intervjuade lärarna ansåg att de hade den kompetens som behövs för att arbeta med hälsoperspektivet inom idrott och hälsa samt om det skett någon förändring när det gäller att undervisa kring hälsa. När vi gjort intervjuerna valde vi att i största möjliga mån ställa samma frågor till lärare och elever för att på så vis jämföra svaren mot varandra. Vi kom fram till att de intervjuade lärarna och elevernas bild av hälsoundervisningen skilde sig en del åt. Lärarna tog mestadels upp de fysiska aspekterna av hälsa medan eleverna även tog upp den sociala aspekten av hälsa då de menade på att kamratskap var viktigt för att uppnå en god hälsa. Undersökningen kan fungera som en riktningsvisare för lärare inom idrott och hälsa, då vår studie visar på att hälsoaspekten ofta faller i glömska p