51 research outputs found
Monte Carlo models and analysis of galactic disk gamma-ray burst distributions
Gamma-ray bursts are transient astronomical phenomena which have no quiescent counterparts in any region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although temporal and spectral properties indicate that these events are likely energetic, their unknown spatial distribution complicates astrophysical interpretation. Monte Carlo samples of gamma-ray burst sources are created which belong to Galactic disk populations. Spatial analysis techniques are used to compare these samples to the observed distribution. From this, both quantitative and qualitative conclusions are drawn concerning allowed luminosity and spatial distributions of the actual sample. Although the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) experiment on Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) will significantly improve knowledge of the gamma-ray burst source spatial characteristics within only a few months of launch, the analysis techniques described herein will not be superceded. Rather, they may be used with BATSE results to obtain detailed information about both the luminosity and spatial distributions of the sources
BATSE software for the analysis of the gamma ray burst spatial distribution
The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) is designed to study astronomical gamma ray sources and to provide better positional, spectral, and time resolution about these objects than has previously been possible from one experiment. The procedure to be used in the analysis of the gamma ray burst spatial distribution is presented. Data is input from BATSE via the Gamma Ray Burst Catalog (listing individual burst positions, flux values, and associated errors) and the Sky Sensitivity Map (which summarizes observational selection effects in table format). A FORTRAN program generates Monte Carlo burst catalogs, which are models to be compared to the actual distribution. The Monte Carlo models are then filtered through the Sky Sensitivity Map so that they suffer from the same selection effects as the actual catalog data. Additionally, each burst position is converted into a probability distribution to mimic BATSE positional sensitivity. The Burst Catalog, Monte Carlo burst catalog, and Sky Sensitivity Map are then passed onto an IDL program that compares the catalogs for statistical significance. The Sky Sensitivity Map is used to estimate how often each sky area is observed above the minimum flux level in question. Each burst found in this sky area is then weighted according to the frequency with which this sky area is observed. The catalogs are then compared via tests of homogeneity (based on their radial distributions) and isotropy (based upon their angular distributions). The results of the statistical comparisons along with graphs and charts of the summaries, are output from the IDL program for study
The Two-Point Angular Correlation Function and BATSE Sky Exposure
The Two-Point Angular Correlation Function is a standard analysis tool used
to study angular anisotropies. Since BATSE's sky exposure (the angular sampling
of gamma-ray bursts) is anisotropic, the TPACF should at some point identify
anisotropies in BATSE burst catalogs due to sky exposure. The effects of BATSE
sky exposure are thus explored here for BATSE 3B and 4B catalogs. Sky-exposure
effects are found to be small.Comment: 5 pages, 1 postscript figure. To appear in the Fourth Huntsville
Gamma-Ray Burst Symposiu
Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two
Context. Research over the past three decades has revolutionized cosmology
while supporting the standard cosmological model. However, the cosmological
principle of Universal homogeneity and isotropy has always been in question,
since structures as large as the survey size have always been found each time
the survey size has increased. Until 2013, the largest known structure in our
Universe was the Sloan Great Wall, which is more than 400 Mpc long located
approximately one billion light years away.
Aims. Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic explosions in the Universe. As
they are associated with the stellar endpoints of massive stars and are found
in and near distant galaxies, they are viable indicators of the dense part of
the Universe containing normal matter. The spatial distribution of gamma-ray
bursts can thus help expose the large scale structure of the Universe.
Methods. As of July 2012, 283 GRB redshifts have been measured. Subdividing
this sample into nine radial parts, each containing 31 GRBs, indicates that the
GRB sample having 1.6 < z < 2.1 differs significantly from the others in that
14 of the 31 GRBs are concentrated in roughly 1/8 of the sky. A two-dimensional
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, a nearest-neighbour test, and a Bootstrap Point-Radius
Method explore the significance of this clustering.
Results. All tests used indicate that there is a statistically significant
clustering of the GRB sample at 1.6 < z < 2.1. Furthermore, this angular excess
cannot be entirely attributed to known selection biases, making its existence
due to chance unlikely.
Conclusions. This huge structure lies ten times farther away than the Sloan
Great Wall, at a distance of approximately ten billion light years. The size of
the structure defined by these GRBs is about 2000-3000 Mpc, or more than six
times the size of the Sloan Great Wall.Comment: accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
GRB Spectral Hardness and Afterglow Properties
A possible relationship between the presence of a radio afterglow and
gamma-ray burst spectral hardness is discussed. The correlation is marginally
significant; the spectral hardness of the bursts with radio afterglows
apparently results from a combination of the break energy Ebreak and the
high-energy spectral index beta. If valid, this relationship would indicate
that the afterglow does carry information pertaining to the GRB central engine.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, presented at the 5th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst
Symposiu
Testing the Gamma-Ray Burst Pulse Start Conjecture
We test the hypothesis that prompt gamma-ray burst pulse emission starts
simultaneously at all energies (the Pulse Start Conjecture). Our analysis,
using a sample of BATSE bursts observed with four channel, 64-ms data and
performed using a pulse fit model, generally supports this hypothesis for the
Long GRB class, although a few discrepant pulses belong to bursts observed
during times characterized by low signal-to-noise, hidden pulses, and/or
significant pulse overlap. The typical uncertainty in making this statement is
< 0.4 s for pulses in Long GRBs (and < 0.2 s for 40% of the pulses) and perhaps
< 0.1 s for pulses in Short GRBs. When considered along with the Epk decline
found in GRB pulse evolution, this result implies that energy is injected at
the beginning of each and every GRB pulse, and the subsequent spectral
evolution, including the pulse peak intensity, represents radiated energy
losses from this initial injection.Comment: 34 pages, 17 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in The
Astrophysical Journa
A Simple BATSE Measure of GRB Duty Cycle
We introduce a definition of gamma-ray burst (GRB) duty cycle that describes
the GRB's efficiency as an emitter; it is the GRB's average flux relative to
the peak flux. This GRB duty cycle is easily described in terms of measured
BATSE parameters; it is essentially fluence divided by the quantity peak flux
times duration. Since fluence and duration are two of the three defining
characteristics of the GRB classes identified by statistical clustering
techniques (the other is spectral hardness), duty cycle is a potentially
valuable probe for studying properties of these classes.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, presented at the 5th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst
Symposiu
Unification of Pulses in Long and Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence from Pulse Properties and their Correlations
We demonstrate that distinguishable gamma-ray burst pulses exhibit similar
behaviors as evidenced by correlations among the observable pulse properties of
duration, peak luminosity, fluence, spectral hardness, energy-dependent lag,
and asymmetry. Long and Short burst pulses exhibit these behaviors, suggesting
that a similar process is responsible for producing all GRB pulses. That these
properties correlate in the observer's frame indicates that intrinsic
correlations are strong enough to not be diluted into insignificance by the
dispersion in distances and redshift. We show how all correlated pulse
characteristics can be explained by hard-to-soft pulse evolution, and we
demonstrate that "intensity tracking" pulses not having these properties are
not single pulses; they instead appear to be composed of two or more
overlapping hard-to-soft pulses. In order to better understand pulse
characteristics, we recognize that hard-to-soft evolution provides a more
accurate definition of a pulse than its intensity variation. This realization,
coupled with the observation that pulses begin near-simultaneously across a
wide range of energies, leads us to conclude that the observed pulse emission
represents the energy decay resulting from an initial injection, and that one
simple and as yet unspecified physical mechanism is likely to be responsible
for all gamma-ray burst pulses regardless of the environment in which they form
and, if GRBs originate from different progenitors, then of the progenitors that
supply them with energy.Comment: 35 pages including 11 figures and 4 tables, accepted for publication
in The Astrophysical Journa
Gamma-Ray Burst Classification: New Insights from Mining Pulse Data
Despite being the most energetic electromagnetic explosions in the universe, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are still poorly understood. The literature recognizes two potentially different types of GRB progenitors, although statistical data suggest the existence of three GRB classes. Reliable inference of GRB physics depends on the identification of appropriate classification attributes, as well as on the statistical classification techniques used. It has recently been shown that pulses are the basic unit of GRB emission. We use new data describing GRB pulse characteristics, in conjunction with data mining tools, to provide a more reliable gamma-ray burst classification system and place additional constraints on GRB physics. We demonstrate that fewer pulses are needed to describe GRB emission than has been suggested by previous analyses, and find pulse duration to be one of the greatest delineators between GRB classes
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